Triple P forADHD Children's Mothers, Education of Behavioral Problems, and Change in Mothers' Attitude

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a validated behavioral screening tool that assesses emotional and behavioral difficulties in children through 25 items grouped into five subscales: Emotional Symptoms, Conduct Problems, Hyperactivity/Inattention, Peer Relationship Problems, and Prosocial Behavior. Each subscale includes 5 items scored from 0 to 2, resulting in subscale scores ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores on the first four subscales indicate greater difficulties, while higher scores on the Prosocial Behavior subscale reflect better social functioning. A Total Difficulties Score (the lowest is 0 and the highest is 40) is calculated by summing the four difficulties subscales, with higher scores indicating more behavioral problems. Scores are reported as mean ± standard deviation, with higher total or subscale scores indicating worse outcomes for difficulties and better outcomes for prosocial behavior (Goodman, 1997; Stone et al., 2010)

The Parenting Scale - Short Version is a brief 7-item parent-report tool designed to assess dysfunctional parenting discipline styles. It measures two core constructs:

Laxness (4 items): Reflects permissive discipline and inconsistent enforcement of rules.

Overreactivity (3 items): Captures harsh, irritable, or angry responses to child misbehavior.

Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (effective discipline) to 7 (ineffective discipline). Scores are computed as follows:

Subscale Scores:

Laxness score: Mean of 4 items (range: 1.0-7.0) higher scores mean worse it should not exceed 4

Over reactivity score: Mean of 3 items (range: 1.0-7.0) higher scores are worse , cutoff is 4

Total Score: Mean of all 7 items (range: 1.0-7.0)

The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978) is a 17-item self-report instrument assessing parents' perceived competence in their parenting role. Each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree) . Possible Score Range: 16 to 96

Interpretation of Range:

High Total Score (e.g., 75+): Generally indicates a positive, adaptive parenting self-concept.

Low Total Score (e.g., below 50): Indicates significant parenting distress and is a red flag for needed support.

• with higher scores indicating greater parenting efficacy and satisfaction"