Trauma Therapy for Weight-Based Bullying in Children

Weight-based bullying is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to psychological distress among children and adolescents living with obesity. Youth who experience bullying related to body size are at increased risk for anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, social withdrawal, disordered eating behaviours, and trauma-related symptoms, including shame, avoidance, hypervigilance, and emotional distress. Repeated experiences of weight-based victimization may function as a form of interpersonal trauma for some youth and may negatively affect emotional well-being, family functioning, and engagement in obesity treatment programs. Despite growing recognition of these impacts, there are currently no established trauma therapies specifically designed to address the psychological consequences of weight-based bullying in pediatric populations.

This study is a single-arm mixed-methods feasibility study evaluating a trauma therapy intervention for weight-based bullying informed by Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) principles. The intervention is adapted to address trauma-related distress associated with weight-based bullying, body image concerns, maladaptive eating behaviours, emotional dysregulation, and avoidance patterns among children and adolescents living with obesity. The intervention retains the core principles and components of TF-CBT while tailoring psychoeducation, coping skills, cognitive processing, and trauma narrative work to experiences related to weight-based bullying and stigma.

The study will take place within the Paediatric Healthy Eating, Activity and Lifestyle (HEAL) Program at Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre in London, Ontario, Canada. Approximately 30 children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 17 years who report distress related to weight-based bullying experiences will be recruited from the HEAL Program. One caregiver will also participate in selected components of treatment and study assessments. Recruitment will occur through routine clinical care within the HEAL Program.

The primary objectives of this study are to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of implementing the intervention within a real-world pediatric weight management setting. Feasibility outcomes include recruitment and enrollment rates, participant retention, session attendance, caregiver participation, treatment completion, intervention delivery, and completion of study measures. The study will also assess implementation feasibility by tracking the number of eligible participants approached and the proportion who express interest and enroll in the intervention. Acceptability outcomes include participant and caregiver satisfaction, perceived helpfulness of the intervention, and engagement with treatment content.

Exploratory clinical outcomes will also be examined using standardized self-report measures completed before and after treatment. These measures assess trauma-related symptoms, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, eating-related psychopathology, weight bias internalization, self-compassion, and psychosocial impairment. Participants and caregivers may also complete optional qualitative feedback interviews following treatment completion to provide additional insight into participant experiences, perceived benefits, challenges, and recommendations for future implementation.

The intervention will typically consist of approximately 12 weekly virtual therapy sessions delivered through secure virtual care platforms used within London Health Sciences Centre, with flexibility for additional sessions based on clinical need. Sessions will be delivered by a trained Registered Social Worker (MSW/RSW). Therapy content includes psychoeducation regarding trauma and bullying, emotional regulation and coping skills, cognitive coping strategies, trauma narrative development and processing, body image and stigma-related cognitive restructuring, caregiver support strategies, and safety planning as clinically indicated.

Given the use of trauma-focused intervention content and standardized mental health screening measures, any indication of elevated suicide risk or risk of harm to self or others identified during participation will be managed according to existing clinical protocols and standard of care within the HEAL Program. Appropriate risk assessment, safety planning, consultation, and referrals will occur as clinically indicated.

The findings from this feasibility study will help determine whether this trauma therapy intervention can be successfully integrated into routine pediatric obesity care settings and will inform the development of future larger-scale implementation and effectiveness studies.

Inclusion criteria

• Children and adolescents aged 10-17 years enrolled in the HEAL Program at Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre
• Self-reported experiences of weight-based bullying or weight-related teasing associated with emotional distress
• Clinically appropriate for outpatient trauma therapy participation as determined by the study team
• Ability to participate in virtual therapy sessions in English
• Willingness of both participant and caregiver to participate in study procedures and intervention components
• Ability of the participant and caregiver to provide informed assent/consent

Exclusion criteria

• Acute psychiatric risk requiring a higher level of care (e.g.: active suicidal ideation with intent or plan, recent suicide attempt requiring crisis intervention, psychosis or loss of reality testing, severe psychiatric instability);
• Severe eating disorder requiring specialized or intensive treatment;
• Uncontrolled or medically unstable conditions requiring urgent or intensive intervention;
• Developmental or cognitive conditions that significantly impair participation in TF-CBT;
• Concurrent participation in other trauma-focused psychotherapy or interventions targeting trauma symptoms;
• Pregnancy;
• Lack of caregiver availability for treatment participation.
• Not able to do virtual sessions