Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) and Diagnostic Bronchoscopy

Inclusion criteria

• Patients presenting for diagnostic bronchoscopy

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with significantly decreased myocardial function (ejection fraction < 50%)
• Patients with abnormal cardiac rhythm and conduction abnormalities, except for patients with isolated, asymptomatic premature atrial and ventricular contractions.
• Patients with significant peripheral vascular disease, such as those with the symptoms of intermittent claudication.
• Patients with known significant cerebrovascular disease, such as history of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
• Patients with significant renal insufficiency, as manifested by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2.
• Patients with electrolyte (K+, Ca++) abnormalities, as determined by the lab values outside of a normal range.
• Patients with the history or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure or reduced intracranial compliance (e.g. headaches, nausea and vomiting, visual changes, mental changes).
• Patients with skull base defects.
• Patients with pulmonary hypertension who have pulmonary artery pressures above the normal range.
• Patients with significant chronic obstructive or restrictive lung diseases, as manifested by known history of baseline chronic hypoxia and/or hypercapnia, and/or baseline room air SpO2 < 95%.
• Obese patients with BMI above 35 kg/m2.
• Patients with severe and poorly controlled gastroesophageal reflux disease despite medical treatment.
• Patients with hiatal hernia and full stomach patients.
• Patients on immunosuppressive medications.
• Patient's refusal to participate in the study.
• Patients who do not understand English or mentally handicapped.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding patients.