THORACIC MANIPULATION and COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic state of pain that is frequently triggered by an injury and is characterized by a variable combination of sensory, motor, vasomotor, and sudomotor symptoms, in the affected limb..the frequency of CRPS after injury was 3.8-7.0 % within four months of fracture. The highest prevalence occurs in the age group of 40 to 60 years. The pathophysiology of CRPS is still controversial, but a recent study has shown that up to 70% of patients with CRPS have anti-autonomic immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies associated with autonomic disorders in their serum CRPS, increasing the probability of these antiautonomic antibodies contributing to the pathophysiology of CRPS. Under normal conditions, sympathetic behavior does not affect the discharge of nociceptors; but nociceptors tend to be under the control of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in the case of CRPS. This is referred to as pain maintained sympathetically. Conservative treatments for CRPS I have traditionally focused on pain reduction through pharmacology, desensitization therapy, transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), and thermal modalities and function restoration through active, passive, and strengthening exercises of the arm.

Patients with arm CRPSI also show postural deviations related to the arm's defensive role. During all upright tasks, this posture reduces trunk motion and can have effects such as reduced thoracic intervertebral mobility. Near to the thoracic costovertebral and zygapophyseal joints are the sympathetic chain ganglia that innervate the upper limb. It may be probable that the sympathetic chain ganglia affected by thoracic dysfunction arising from joint or soft tissue restriction and may be related to the distal symptoms in CRPS. Thus, thoracic spine manipulation can be an aid to the overall treatment of the symptoms in patients with CRPS I. There is no study involving a control group in the available studies. As with all case studies, while the findings might be interesting for future research. our study is the first study to investigate the impact of thoracic manipulation in patients with CRPS1 by comparing between the control group and the experimental group.

Inclusion criteria

• Thirty patients were diagnosed according to International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) criteria with CRPS I (10 to 18 weeks duration of illness) from both genders and referred from orthopedists post fractures in different upper limb regions (such as shoulder region e.g. clavicle and proximal humerus, elbow region e.g. distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna, and wrist region e.g. distal radius, ulna, and carpal bones), their age was between 40 and 60 years.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who had a stroke, any history of autoimmune or peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes, T4 syndrome, as well as patients, received physical therapy program before