Therapeutic Exercise Program of Physiotherapy Using Telerehabilitation on Chronic Phase Stroke Patients

The primary variable is the degree of dependence or functional capacity in activities of daily living (ADLs), which is assessed using the Barthel Index . This validated scale was also used for sample size calculation. The Barthel Index is a simple, reliable, and valid tool that can detect changes in functional status and is easy to interpret. Despite some limitations, it is widely recommended as a preferred measure for assessing physical disability, both in clinical practice and in epidemiological research and public health. The scale ranges from 0 to 100, where a score of 100 represents complete independence, meaning the person can perform all daily activities without assistance. On the other hand, a score of 0 indicates complete dependence, meaning the person requires full help with these activities. Essentially, higher scores on the Barthel Index reflect better functional independence.

The Modified Motor Assessment Scale measures motor function in stroke patients, with a particular focus on limb and trunk mobility. This tool evaluates the patient's ability to perform specific motor movements and basic motor activities, providing a measure of motor dysfunction severity and rehabilitation progress. The scale ranges from 0 to 48, where a score of 48 indicates the highest level of motor function, meaning the individual is fully capable of performing the assessed movements independently. A score of 0 indicates the complete inability to perform any of the movements. Higher scores on the MMAS signify better motor function and greater ability to perform voluntary movements."

The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a widely used and validated tool for assessing muscle tone in stroke patients, particularly to measure the presence and severity of spasticity-an abnormal increase in muscle tone. This scale is specifically designed to evaluate spasticity in patients with neurological impairments, making it highly relevant for stroke rehabilitation.

The MAS measures the resistance of a muscle to passive movement, providing a score that reflects the degree of spasticity in the patient. The scale ranges from 0 to 4, where 0 indicates no spasticity, and 4 represents extreme rigidity, making it an effective measure for varying levels of spasticity. This tool is particularly useful for assessing patients with moderate to severe spasticity, allowing clinicians to monitor changes over time.

The interobserver and test-retest reliability of the MAS is generally good, although its subjectivity-since it involves clinical judgment-can lead to variability in results. Despite

The Medical Research Council (MRC) Scale is a widely utilized tool for assessing muscle strength in patients with various neurological conditions, including stroke. The scale classifies muscle strength on a range from 0 to 5, where 0 indicates the absence of muscle contraction, and 5 represents normal muscle strength with the ability to overcome full resistance against gravity. The MRC Scale demonstrates good interobserver and test-retest reliability, along with strong construct and concurrent validity, making it a robust and effective measure for evaluating muscle function in clinical practice.

The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS) is a widely used tool designed to assess posture and postural balance in individuals recovering from stroke. It focuses on the patient's ability to maintain and control various postures, which is crucial for motor function recovery during stroke rehabilitation. The scale demonstrates high interobserver and test-retest reliability, as well as strong construct and concurrent validity, correlating well with other established measures of balance and motor function. Additionally, the PASS shows robust predictive validity, effectively identifying patients at higher risk for long-term complications related to balance impairments. The scale ranges from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating better postural control. A score of 36 suggests the person has normal or near-normal postural stability, meaning they can maintain various positions and perform tasks with minimal difficulty. A score of 0 indicates severe postural instability.

The 4-Meter Gait Speed Test is a straightforward and efficient assessment used to measure a patient's walking speed. Walking speed is closely linked to a variety of functional outcomes, including mobility, independence, and fall risk. This test is known for its high reliability and validity, making it particularly valuable for evaluating gait performance and functional prognosis in stroke patients.

A faster time (completing the test in fewer seconds) indicates better walking speed and mobility, which are associated with greater functional independence. A slower time may suggest impaired walking ability, which could indicate the need for further rehabilitation or support. Generally, a time of 4 seconds or less is considered normal, while longer times could signal a higher risk of falls or mobility challenges.

The Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS) is a tool used to assess aspects of gait, such as postural control, stride length, gait symmetry, and ease of walking. It has high interobserver and test-retest reliability, with good concurrent and predictive validity related to gait, postural control, and fall risk.

The total score ranges from 0 to 48, with higher scores indicating better gait quality and lower scores indicating more significant gait impairments.

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a widely used tool for assessing both pain intensity and the impact of pain on patients' quality of life. Although initially designed for evaluating pain in cancer patients, its application has expanded to a variety of neurological conditions, including stroke. The BPI is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring pain intensity and its effects on stroke patients. It demonstrates high interobserver and test-retest reliability, enhancing its utility in clinical settings. Furthermore, its construct validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity affirm its effectiveness in understanding chronic pain and its influence on function and quality of life in stroke patients.

The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) is a tool designed to assess the severity of fatigue and its impact on a patient's daily functioning and quality of life. Fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom in stroke patients, significantly affecting their functional capacity and rehabilitation progress. As such, the FSS is widely used to evaluate and monitor this symptom. The scale demonstrates high interobserver and test-retest reliability, making it a valuable tool for both clinical assessment and tracking chronic fatigue in patients. Additionally, its construct validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity further establish it as an effective measure of the impact of fatigue on stroke patients' quality of life and functional outcomes.

The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) consists of 9 items scored from 1 to 7, with higher scores indicating more severe fatigue. A higher total score, calculated by averaging responses, reflects greater fatigue and its impact on daily life. An FSS score

The Time Up and Go Test (TUG) is a simple yet effective functional assessment used to evaluate fall risk in patients with various neurological conditions, including stroke. This test measures the time it takes for a patient to stand up from a seated position, walk 3 meters, turn around, return to the chair, and sit down again. The TUG is known for its high interobserver and test-retest reliability, as well as its strong construct, concurrent, and predictive validity, making it an essential tool for both clinical assessment and monitoring progress in post-stroke patients.

A longer time indicates poorer mobility and higher risk of falls. Typically, a time of 10 seconds or more suggests mobility issues, while times under 10 seconds are considered normal.

The Newcastle Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Measure (NEWSQOL) is a comprehensive assessment tool designed to evaluate stroke-specific quality of life. It captures the impact of stroke on various aspects of a patient's life, including physical, emotional, social, and cognitive dimensions. The tool has been translated into several languages, including Spanish, to ensure broader accessibility. It is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing patients' perception of their quality of life post-stroke. The NEWSQOL demonstrates high internal reliability and test-retest reliability, while its construct validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity make it an excellent choice for measuring the multifaceted effects of stroke on daily living.

The Newcastle Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Measure (NEWSQOL) uses a Likert scale (1 to 5) across 12 subscales, with higher scores indicating better quality of life and lower scores reflecting more difficulties following a stroke.

The Global Rating of Change Scale (GROC) is a tool used to assess patients' subjective perception of changes in their health or functioning following an intervention or treatment. In the context of stroke, it measures the perceived improvement or deterioration of a patient's physical, emotional, and functional condition after treatment or rehabilitation. The GROC demonstrates strong test-retest reliability, as well as excellent concurrent and construct validity, making it a valuable tool in both clinical practice and research studies.

It typically uses a scale from -7 (a very great worsening) to +7 (a very great improvement), with 0 indicating no change. Higher positive scores indicate improvement, while negative scores reflect deterioration.