The Young Ambassadors Supporting Caregivers Program

Preparedness for Caregiving Scale will be adopted to evaluate university student volunteers' self-perceived readiness to provide care across eight critical domains, including physical/emotional caregiving (e.g., "How well prepared are you to care for emotional needs?"), stress management, and emergency response. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0=Not at all prepared to 4=Very well prepared), providing a quantitative measure of skill development through the intervention. Higher score indicate higher level of preparedness for caregiving skills. Total score ranged from 0 to 32.

This scale will be applied to caregivers of older adults who joined this study. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a widely used, self-administered screening instrument designed to facilitate the identification and assessment of common mental health disorders in clinical and research settings. Developed as part of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) project, the PHQ consists of several modules, each corresponding to specific psychiatric diagnoses according to DSM criteria. The most commonly used version, the PHQ-9, consists of nine items that assess the frequency of depressive symptoms over the past two weeks. Each item is scored on a four-point Likert scale (ranging from 0 = "not at all" to 3 = "nearly every day"), resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depressive symptoms. The PHQ has demonstrated strong reliability and validity across diverse populations and is valued for its brevity, ease of use, an

This civic engagement scale will be adopted among volunteers to measure broader psychosocial outcomes through 14 items assessing attitudes (e.g., belief in community contribution) and behaviors (e.g., community participation frequency) on a 7-point scale (from 1 very disagee to 7 very agree). The score ranged from 14 to 98 with higher score indicate higher level of civic engagement. This scale demonstrated high reliability (α=0.80- 0.91) and validity in youth populations.

Meaning in Life Scale will be adopted to assess volunteer' sense of purpose and fulfillment. This validated measure captures two key dimensions: the presence of meaning (e.g., "I understand my life's meaning") and the search for meaning (e.g., "I am seeking a deeper purpose in life"), rated on a Likert scale (typically 1=Strongly disagree to 7=Strongly agree). Total score ranged from 10 to 70 with higher score indicate higher level of meaning in life. Developed by Steger et al. (2006), the scale has demonstrated strong reliability (α=0.80+ for both subscales) and has been widely used in cross-cultural populations, including youth and older adults.

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) is a brief, self-administered screening tool designed to assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms over the previous two weeks. Developed by Spitzer et al. (2006), the GAD-7 consists of seven items, each rated on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("not at all") to 3 ("nearly every day"), resulting in a total score that ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. The GAD-7 has demonstrated strong reliability and validity in both clinical and general populations, and is widely used in research and primary care settings for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of anxiety disorders.

The Zarit Burden Interview 12-item version (ZBI-12) is a brief, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the perceived burden of caregivers for individuals with chronic illnesses or disabilities. Adapted from the original 22-item ZBI, the ZBI-12 retains key items that capture multiple dimensions of caregiver strain, including emotional, social, and physical burden. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 4 ("nearly always"), resulting in a total score between 0 and 48, with higher scores indicating greater caregiver burden. The ZBI-12 has demonstrated good reliability and validity across diverse populations and is widely used in both research and clinical settings for the efficient assessment of caregiver stress.