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Completed

NCT Number: NCT07295756

The Role of Smoking in Periodontal Status

484 patients were asked whether they currently smoked and whether they had smoked 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. Based on this information, they were divided into two groups: current smokers (test group, n=242) and non-smokers (control group, n=242). Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking. In contrast, non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking. Participants were also asked about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years, and pack-years were calculated accordingly. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and attachment loss were evaluated for both groups. Periodontal health status (Periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis) was assessed by one clinician applying the 2017 World Workshop on Classifying Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions and the 2023 European Federation of Periodontology's Guidelines. Patients with periodontitis were classified according to stage and grade. This measurement was obtained via a calibrated UNC-15 periodontal probe at each tooth.

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Key information

Conditions

Periodontal Diseases Behavior Gingival Diseases Gingivitis Infections Mouth Diseases Periodontitis Smoking Stomatognathic Diseases

Age range

18 year–65 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Observational

Primary location

Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Dentistry Faculty

Bolu, 14030, Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

484 patients were asked whether they currently smoked and had smoked 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. Based on this information, they were divided into two groups: current smokers (test group, n=242) and non-smokers (control group, n=242). Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking. In contrast, non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking. Participants were also asked about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years, and pack-years were calculated accordingly. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and attachment loss were evaluated for both groups. Periodontal health status (Periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis) was assessed by one clinician applying the 2017 World Workshop on Classifying Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions and the 2023 European Federation of Periodontology's Guidelines. Patients with periodontitis were classified according to stage and grade. This measurement was obtained via a calibrated UNC-15 periodontal probe at each tooth.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Age 18 years or older
  • No systemic diseases that could affect periodontal or general health
  • No history of periodontal treatment within the past six months
  • For the non-smoker group: abstinence from smoking for at least five years

Exclusion criteria

  • Use of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Pregnant or lactating women
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Use of waterpipe or chewing tobacco (for the smoker group)
  • Individuals undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Treatment and study plan

Intervention

Other

The patient's daily cigarette consumption, duration of smoking, and pack-years were evaluated.

Other names: Smoking

Primary outcomes

  1. periodontal pocket depth

    Time frame: Baseline

    Periodontal pocket depth measured in millimeters using a Williams periodontal probe. The distance from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal pocket was recorded at each site.

Secondary outcomes

  1. bleeding on probing

    Time frame: Baseline

    Bleeding on probing assessed using a periodontal probe. After gently inserting the probe into the gingival sulcus and moving it laterally along the pocket wall, bleeding was recorded as present (+) or absent (-).pocket and gently moved laterally along the pocket wall. + is maximum and - is minimum.

  2. plaque index

    Time frame: Baseline

    Oral hygiene status assessed using the Plaque Index, which measures dental plaque accumulation adjacent to the gingival margin. Scores range from 0 (no plaque) to 3 (abundant plaque), with higher scores indicating poorer oral hygiene.

  3. gingival index

    Time frame: Baseline

    Gingival inflammation assessed using the Löe and Silness Gingival Index. Each site was scored on a 0-3 scale, where 0 = normal gingiva and 3 = severe inflammation with edema, redness, and spontaneous bleeding. Higher scores indicate worsening gingival inflammation.

  4. clinical attachment level

    Time frame: Baseline

    Clinical attachment level measured in millimeters using a periodontal probe. CAL was calculated as the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the bottom of the periodontal pocket and used to assess periodontal tissue support loss.

  5. Daily cigarette

    Time frame: Baseline

    It includes the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day.

  6. Smoking Duration

    Time frame: Baseline

    Self-reported duration of smoking, recorded as the number of years the participant has smoked.

  7. Pack-years

    Time frame: Baseline

    Smoking exposure calculated as pack-years, defined as the number of cigarettes smoked per day divided by 20 and multiplied by the number of years of smoking.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Tuğba ŞAHİN

Other

Registry information

Official study title

The Role of Smoking Habits in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Acronym: TRSPS

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2025
Study completion
2025
First posted
Dec 22, 2025
Registry last updated
Dec 22, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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