The Natural History of Recovery After Stroke

Fugl-Meyer Assessment:

Motor score is on a 0-100 scale. High score is better.

Action Research Arm Test Score is on a 0-57 scale. High score is better.

Outcome is the average walking velocity over 10 meters. Measured in m/sec.

measure of stroke severity on a 0-42 scale, with lower scores indicates lower severity (lower is better).

This is a self-reported ability perception scale. Outcome range is 0-130 with higher scores indicate a better self-perceived ability.

This is an upper extremity dexterity test. Outcome is the time taken to complete the task. Measured in sec.

This is an upper extremity dexterity test. Outcome is the time taken to complete the task. Measured in sec.

This is an instrument aimed at detecting visual neglect. In this study we use only two subsections of the test: star cancellation (scored on a 0-54 scale) and representational drawing (scored on a 0-3 scale). For both, higher scores are better.

This instrument is used to detect spasticity (increased muscle tone). Outcome is 0-4 scale, with lower scores means better outcome (less spasticity).

To measure fingers kinetics, we will use a custom-built device that measures finger force for flexion and extension. Outcome is the force in Newtons (N) generated by each finger.

To measure fingers kinetics, we will use a custom-built device that measures finger force for flexion and extension. Outcome measure is the Individuation Index, measured in arbitrary units (a.u.). The individuation index is calculated as the ratio between the forces generated by the non-instructed digits and the force generated by the instructed digit. This index evaluates the ability to generate force in each digit independently of the other digits.

Grip force will be measured using the microFET Digital HandGrip Dynamometer (Hoggan Scientific). Outcome is the maximal force in Newtons.

Kinematic measurements of upper extremity reaching task:

Kinematic measures will be extracted using markerless pose estimation algorithms (such as OpenPose and MediaPipe). Reaching error (distance of the hand from the target) and reaching extent (maximum distance of the wriest from the shoulder). Measured in mm.

Kinematic measurements of upper extremity reaching tasks:

Kinematic measures will be extracted using markerless pose estimation algorithms (such as OpenPose and MediaPipe). Reaching duration. Measured in seconds.

Kinematic measurements of upper extremity reaching tasks:

Kinematic measures will be extracted using markerless pose estimation algorithms (such as OpenPose and MediaPipe). Reaching smoothness as the integrated jerk (as described by Platz et al. 1994, Dimensions are L^2/T^6) and the spectral arch length (as described by Balasubramanian et al. 2015).

Kinematic measurements of upper extremity reaching tasks:

Kinematic measures will be extracted using markerless pose estimation algorithms (such as OpenPose and MediaPipe). Inter-joint coordination will be measured through computing the cross correlation between elbow, writs and shoulder joint angles and the proportion of time when joints flexed or extend together. Arbitrary units.

Number of rehabilitative sessions per week, in total and for each modality separately (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy, etc.)

Time, in minutes, of each therapy session.

Period of time (in month) for which the participant received therapy.

Age at admission, in years.

Biological Male or Female

time from stroke onset in days

other time periods (e.g., inpatient time, rehabilitation duration, etc.) in Months.

Height in cm

Weight in kg

affected brain side: L/R/Both affected body side: L/R/Both hand dominance: L/R leg dominance: L/R

Any relevant history of illnesses.

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). 0-30 scale with higher values indicate better cognitive state.

Percent correct responses in an anti-saccade computerized task.

Reaction time (in msec) in an anti-saccade computerized task.

Time taken to complete the TUG task. Measured in seconds.

This is a questioner aimed at evaluating the attentional profile of the patient during walking. It has several subscales measured on a Likert 5-point scale. Total score range is 11-55 with lower values indicate better outcome.

Gait analysis while participants are walking on a treadmill (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) with an embedded force sensors array. Temporal measures include step and stride time. Measured in seconds.

Gait analysis while participants are walking on a treadmill (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) with an embedded force sensors array. Spatial measures include step and stride length and width. Measured in meters.

Gait analysis while participants are walking on a treadmill (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) with an embedded force sensors array. Steadiness is measured by calculating the maximal Lyapunov exponent of the center of pressure dynamics (as described by Rosenstein et al. 1993). Units of measure are arbitrary.

Gaze behavior during walking using a mobile eye-tracker (Pupil Invisible, Pupil Labs, Germany). Head, eye and gaze (head and eye combined) angles on the sagittal and horizontal planes will be measured. Outcome in degrees.

Gaze behavior during walking using a mobile eye-tracker (Pupil Invisible, Pupil Labs, Germany). Gaze angles will be measured relative to the vanishing point. Outcome in %.

Gaze behavior during walking using a mobile eye-tracker (Pupil Invisible, Pupil Labs, Germany). Time spent looking onto the walking surface. Outcome in %.

Gaze behavior during walking using a mobile eye-tracker (Pupil Invisible, Pupil Labs, Germany). Look-ahead distance. Outcome in meters.

Berg Balance Scale (BBS) measured on a 0-56 scale with higher score represent better outcome.

Postural Sway (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany). Outcome is sway range in mm.

Postural Sway (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany). Outcome is sway velocity in mm/sec.

Postural Sway (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany). Outcome is sway area in mm^2.

Postural Sway (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany). Outcome is the short-term diffusion coefficients, as described by Collins and De-Luka (1993), measured in mm^2/sec.

Monitoring habitual activity during hospital stay. Time spent walking, sitting and laying in hours/day. Measured over 3-5 consecutive days.

Monitoring habitual activity during hospital stay. Distance walked in meters/day. Measured over 3-5 consecutive days.

Sensory acuity will be measured using Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. Outcome is in grams.

LEMOCOT- Lower Extremity Motor Coordinating Test. Outcome is the number of touches (count).

LEMOCOT- Lower Extremity Motor Coordinating Test. Outcome is the touches' errors (distance from the middle of the target), measured in mm. To measure errors, the LEMOCOT will be performed on an array of force sensors (Zebris FDM-T Treadmill, Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) that detects the touches position.

Response enhancement following a startling auditory stimuli (StartReact measure). Reaction time is measured in msec based on EMG signal from the wrist extensors and biceps (gtech USB-Amp). The StartReact measure is the enhancement in reaction time in the startle condition (LED+105Db auditory stimulus) compared to a control condition (LED+80Db auditory stimulus)

The ability to control a cursor in a virtual environment using EMG recordings from wrist extensors and biceps (Trigno Wireless EMG System, Delsys, USA). Outcome is success rate in %.

The ability to control a cursor in a virtual environment using EMG recordings from wrist extensors and biceps (Trigno Wireless EMG System, Delsys, USA). Outcome is time to target sec.

The ability to control a cursor in a virtual environment using EMG recordings from wrist extensors and biceps (Trigno Wireless EMG System, Delsys, USA). Outcome is path length in cm.

CT/MRI based structural neuroimaging. Outcomes are the areas affected by stroke.