The Morning Coffee Study

This is a postprandial acute meal crossover blinded study in which 30 fasted young healthy women will consume one of 3 butter-rich coffees, in random order, at each of three study sessions separated by at least 4 days. Participants will rate the coffee characteristics and complete paper visual analogue scale ratings of alertness, fatigue, nausea, satiety, and comfort for 180 minutes and consume a pasta lunch meal. A subset of 10 participants will be invited to attend 3 additional study visits where gastric emptying following consumption of each coffee will be assess using gastric ultrasound.

Inclusion criteria

• Generally healthy women
• 20-35 yrs
• BMI of 18.5-26.1 kg/m2 and waist circumference <88cm
• Non-smoking
• Non to moderate alcohol drinkers
• Regular coffee consumers
• Regularly consumes dairy products
• Pre-menopausal with regular monthly periods
• Stable medication use
• Have not gained or lost significant weight during the past 3 months
• Not pregnant or lactating
• Enjoy and be willing to consume pasta with tomato sauce

Exclusion criteria

• Any food sensitivity or intolerance
• Any anaphylactic allergy or gastrointestinal disorder
• History of any major disease or medical condition
• Elite or training athletes
• Three Factor Eating Questionnaire restraint score >16
• Taking any natural health products or dietary supplements, other than a multivitamin, that interfere with fat or caffeine digestion