The Impaction of Exercise Training on Bone Mineral Density in Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Bone mineral density measurement is measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measurements are made over the lumbar spine and over the upper part of the hip and the measurement is assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up.

Lower extremity muscle strength, including extension and flexion of the hip, knee and ankle were tested by the HUMAC NORM system (CSMi, Stoughton, MA) with the eccentric/concentric contraction mode at an angular velocity of 60 degrees/s.Isokinetic tests were performed five times for each participant, and each test was separated by a rest period of 3 min. The participants are assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up and received verbal encouragement during the exertion of peak torque.

Gait analysis by VICON three-dimensional, 8-camera motion capture system.The outcome measurement is assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up.

SF-36 consists of eight scaled scores, which are the weighted sums of the questions in their section. Each scale is directly transformed into a 0-100 scale on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. The lower score the more disability. The higher the score the less disability. Eight sections including physical function, role limitation due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitation due to emotional problems, and mental health. Additionally, the eight health domains can be used to provide a physical component summary and mental component summary score. The outcome measurement is assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up.

KOOS contains 5 subscales with a total of 42 items: 1) pain, 2) other symptoms, 3) function in daily living (ADL), 4) function in sport and recreation and 5) knee-related quality of life. Each question receives a score from 0 to 4 and the scores are transformed to a 0-100 score (0, extreme symptoms, 100, no symptoms). The User's Guide, is available from www.koos.nu. The outcome measurement is assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up.

The 6-minutes' walk test measures the distance an individual is able to walk over a total of 6 minutes on a hard, flat surface. The goal is for the individual to walk as far as possible in 6 minutes and is assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up.

The 2.44 m up and go test indicates the level of the participant's motor agility and dynamic balance and is assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up.

30-sec sit to stand (times in 30sec) is assessed lower body strength, needed for numerous tasks such as climbing stairs, walking and getting out of a chair. Also reduces the chance of falling. Number of full stands that can be completed in 30 seconds with arms folded across chest and is assessed at pre-operation, three month, six month and nine month after operation, and twelve-month follow-up.