The Impact of Training With Whole Body-EMS

Mean change in RHI. RHI measured by noninvasive endothelial peripheral arterial tomography (EndoPat) test. The EndoPAT involves probes on the index fingers of both hands & evaluating the blood flow to one hand before & after inflating a blood pressure (BP) cuff on one arm, temporarily reducing blood flow to the fingers. The finger sensor on the affected arm will show no blood flow, the sensor on the opposite index finger will display normal blood flow level. After several minutes, the BP cuff is released, allowing blood to flow back into the affected lower arm. If the finger sensor on the affected arm shows a rush of blood, the blood vessels are functioning normally. If the blood flow return is sluggish, the blood vessels are unhealthy. EndoPAT results are reported as the "Endoscore" (range 0-3); a score of 1.67 and lower indicates the need for immediate medical attention; a score between 1.68 and 2 indicates a need to reduce risk factors; a score above 2.1 indicates a healthy heart.

Subject's BMI calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Uses measurements of height and weight obtained during study (with appropriate metric conversions)

Total cholesterol is the sum of a person's HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and 20% of their triglyceride levels. Healthy total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dL of blood

VO2 max, or maximal oxygen consumption, refers to the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense or maximal exercise. VO2 max is the number of milliliters of oxygen used per kilogram of body weight in one minute (ml/kg/min)

The LASA is subject reported ten item quality of life questionnaire. The ten items are scored from 0 -10, 0 being as bad as it can be and 10 being as good as it can be. Total scores range from 0 - 100, lower scores indicate being as bad as it can be, higher scores indicate being as good as it can be.

A creatine kinase test may be used to detect inflammation of muscles or muscle damage due to muscle disorders. A person may have muscle injury with few or nonspecific symptoms, such as weakness, fever, and nausea, that may also be seen with a variety of other conditions. A healthcare practitioner may use a CK test to help detect muscle damage in these cases, especially if someone is taking a drug such as a statin. Normal values at rest are usually between 60 and 174 U/L.

The Perceived Stress Scale is a subject reported 10 item stress questionnaire. The 10 items are scored from 0 to 4, with 0 = never, 1 = almost never, 2 = sometimes, 3 = fairly often and 4 = very often. Total scores range from 0 - 40, lower scores indicate lower stress, and higher scores indicate higher stress.

The PHQ-9 Screens for the presence and severity of depression with 9 questions in a scale of 0-3. Zero=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, 3=nearly every day. Total scores range 0 - 27. A total score of 0-4=minimal depression, 5-9=mild depression, 10-14=moderate depression, 15-19=moderately severe depression, 20-27=severe depression

Sugar in the form of glucose in the blood. The concentration of glucose in the blood. A healthy normal range is 70 to 99 mg/dL

Hemoglobin is a protein within red blood cells. As glucose enters the bloodstream, it binds to hemoglobin, or glycates. The more glucose that enters the bloodstream, the higher the amount of glycated hemoglobin. An A1C level below 5.7 percent is considered normal. Reported as percentage of glycated hemoglobin

High sensitivity C-reactive protein is a substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Normal CRP levels are below 3.0 mg/L

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides. Normal blood values are 1.5 to 6.0 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL) for women and 2.5 to 7.0 mg/dL for men

Fibrinogen is a protein produced by the liver. This protein helps stop bleeding by helping blood clots to form. Blood fibrinogen is the amount of fibrinogen in a blood sample. Normal range is 200 to 400 mg/dL

Homocysteine is an amino acid which occurs in the body as an intermediate in the metabolism of methionine and cysteine. Normal range 4 and 15 micromoles/liter (µmol/L)

Lipoprotein is a type of protein that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma. Normal range is less than 30 mg/dL