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Completed

NCT Number: NCT02480582

The Impact of Snacks Which Vary Nutritionally in Their Satiating Potential on Measures of Appetite Control

The current study will examine the effect of almond consumption (0.9g/kg dose) compared to an energy and weight matched comparator food or no food on measures of appetite control including appetite sensations, energy intake and food hedonics.

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Key information

Conditions

Lack of Satiety Hyperphagia Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms, Digestive

Age range

18 year–55 year

Sex eligibility

Female

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

About this study

Some individuals exhibit a weak satiety response to food and may be susceptible to overconsumption. Snack foods can be substantial contributors to daily energy intake, with different types of snacks exerting potentially different effects on satiety per calorie consumed. The current study will compare the effect of consuming different snack foods on measures of appetite control including appetite sensations, energy intake and food hedonics in women with a weak satiety response.

In a crossover design, female participants will consume three different mid-morning snacks: raw almonds, savoury crackers or water. Appetite sensations, energy intake, food reward and craving will be assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. Satiety responsiveness will be determined using the satiety quotient (SQ).

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Participants who have provided written informed consent.
  • Healthy female participants aged 18-55 years.
  • BMI of 18.5 - 30.0 kg/m2.
  • Regular breakfast eaters.
  • Not currently dieting to lose, gain or maintain weight.
  • Non-smokers.
  • Liking/acceptance of the study foods (≥4 on 7-point Likert scale).

Exclusion criteria

  • Taking medication known to affect appetite within past month and/or during the study.
  • Any known food allergies or food intolerances.
  • Participants who do not regularly eat breakfast.
  • Participants with low liking or acceptance of the study foods.
  • Participants currently dieting to lose, gain or maintain weight.
  • Reported history of or present eating disorder.
  • BMI <18.5 kg/m2 or >30 kg/m2.
  • Vegetarians.

Treatment and study plan

Almonds

Other

Whole raw almonds provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g\\kg

Cheese Savouries

Other

Cheese savoury crackers provided as a mid-morning snack - 0.9g/kg

Primary outcomes

  1. Test Meal Energy Intake

    Time frame: 3 Weeks

    Measured reductions in ad-libitum energy intake following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator. Food will be weighed pre- and post-consumption to the nearest 0.1g to determine energy intake. Test meal energy intake will be measured on three occasions, on average a week apart.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Food Preference

    Time frame: 3 Weeks

    Measured changes in wanting for high fat food food following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator.

    Food preference will be measured once during each intervention condition using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ: Finlayson, King & Blundell, 2008).

    8 high fat foods and 8 low fat foods are presented on a computer and participants rate the extent to which they want each food (How much do you want this food now?). The food images are presented individually, in a randomised order and participants make their ratings using a 100-mm VAS. Low fat scores are subtracted from high fat scores to provide a relative preference score.

    Scale range: -100 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater wanting for high fat foods which is interpreted as a worse outcome.

  2. Appetite Sensations (Hunger)

    Time frame: 3 Weeks

    Measured differences in hunger following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator.

    Appetite sensations will be measured during the three intervention conditions at regular time intervals from the morning to the evening (21 in total) using 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS).

    Scale range = 0-100 mm, with higher values indicating greater hunger. Total Area Under the Curve will be calculated from the VAS profiles using the trapeziodal method.

    Time points at which data were collected to calculate AUC - -5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 135, 180, 230, 240, 270, 280, 300, 360, 420, 480, 510, 540, 600; -5 to 8 hours post intervention.

    Higher AUC scores on hunger are interpreted as a worse outcome.

  3. 24 Hour Energy Intake

    Time frame: 3 Weeks

    Measured reductions in total within-day energy intake following consumption of almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to control and comparator. Food will be weighed pre- and post-consumption to the nearest 0.1g, at every test meal, to determine energy intake. Total energy intake will then be calculated. 24 hour energy intake will be measured on three occasions, on average a week apart.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Leeds

Other

Collaborators

  • Almond Board of California

Registry information

Important dates

Study start
2015
Primary completion
2015
Study completion
2015
First posted
Jun 24, 2015
Registry last updated
Mar 15, 2017

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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