The Impact of Blood Pressure Variability During the Induction and Surgical Periods on Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury

Inclusion criteria

• Undergoing non-cardiac surgery；
• Adult；

Exclusion criteria

• Undergoing urological surgeries that partially directly affect kidney function (including relief of urinary tract obstruction, nephrectomy, or kidney transplantation);
• Surgery duration less than 60 minutes;
• Weight < 30 kg or BMI > 35 kg/m2;
• Patients who underwent reoperation within 7 days after surgery;
• Surgeries not performed under general anesthesia;
• ASA > IV;
• No serum creatinine measurement available within 6 months before surgery (baseline value) or within 7 days after surgery;
• Preexisting renal dysfunction or a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease before surgery (creatinine > 443 μmol/L);
• No invasive blood pressure monitoring during the anesthesia induction period, or missing more than 25% of intraoperative invasive blood pressure data collection.