The Effects of Whole Versus Processed Orange Consumption on Satiety

This is a human dietary intervention study that is randomized and crossover in design with 4 treatment arms consisting of control, orange juice,whole orange, and processed whole orange to investigate the satiety effects of the treatments in healthy volunteers. Self reported hunger and fullness scores by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) form were collected at different time points prior to and post consumption of each treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• Gender: male or female(postmenopausal women only)
• Age at start of the study: males ≥ 21and ≤ 65 years and females ≥ 50 and ≤ 65 years
• Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 and ≤ 27 kg/m2
• Apparently healthy: measured by questionnaire, no reported current or previous metabolic diseases or chronic gastrointestinal disorders
• Reported dietary habits: no medically prescribed diet, no slimming diet, used to eating 3 meals a day
• Reported intense sporting activities ≤ 10h/w
• Reported alcohol consumption ≤21 units/w
• Informed consent signed
• Recruitment form filled out

Exclusion criteria

• Smoking
• Dislike, allergy or intolerance to test products
• Possible eating disorder (measured by SCOFF questionnaire score >1)
• Eating habits questionnaire score >14
• Reported medical treatment that may affect eating habits/satiety
• Pre menopausal women