The Effects of Unfiltered (Turkish) Coffee Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Parameters

Differences in concentration of serum lipid levels of participants in coffee-free period (washout) and after LR or DR coffee ingestion were measured.

Blood samples were obtained at the end of two weeks washout period and after each four weeks coffee intervention period, and sera were stored at -30∘ C, until analytical measurements were performed. The levels of serum lipids: Triglycerides (mg/dL), Total cholesterol (mg/dL), and HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) were determined using a Dimension Xpand Plus integrated clinical chemistry autoanalyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA). The serum levels of LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) were calculated using Friedewald's equation. Differences in blood lipid variables were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA for comparisons of LR coffee intake with DR and of each roast with the washout.analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM-SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Weight was measured after the washout period and after each intervention. Weight (in kilograms) was measured in light clothing, without shoes.

after the washout period and after each intervention height was measured using a stadiometer to the nearest centimeter.

BMI was calculated (weight/height squared; in kilograms per square meter)

after the washout period and after each intervention the percentage of body fat and fat free mass (FFM) was measured by Tanita Segmental Body Composition Analyzer BC-418 MA (Tanita Corp. Tokyo, Japan)

after the washout period and after each intervention waist circumferences (midway between the rib cage and the iliac crest) were measured using a flexible tape.

after the washout period and after each intervention BP and heart rate (beats/min) was monitored using an automatic arm sphygmomanometer (Pic Indolor Diagnostic, BS 150, Artsana, Italy) after a 5-min rest in a sitting position.

Daily nutrient intake was calculated by using computer software (Ebispro, Stuttgart, Germany; Turkish version: BeBiS, Vers. 6.1)

The validated Turkish version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short form (7 item) was administered. The IPAQ questionnaires list activities and request estimates of durations and frequencies for each activity engaged in over the past week. Durations are multiplied by known METs per activity and the results for all items are summed for the overall physical activity score. Scores for walking and for moderate and vigorous activities are sums of corresponding item scores. A sitting question is not included in physical activity score. Physical activity level (PAL): Extremely inactive <1.40 , Sedentary 1.40-1.69, Moderately active 1.70-1.99, Vigorously active 2.00-2.40,Extremely active>2.40

Differences in concentration of homocysteine (μmol/L) levels of participants after 2wk coffee-free period (washout) and after 4 weeks of LR or DR coffee ingestion was compared. EDTA-treated blood samples for total homocysteine (μmol/L) analysis were immediately refrigerated (placed on ice) until the plasma was separated by centrifugation. All the samples were assayed for Homocysteine by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescent detection technique (HPLC-FLD). Differences in homocysteine variables were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA for comparisons of LR coffee intake with DR and of each roast with the washout.analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM-SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Concentration of fasting blood glucose levels in coffee-free period (washout) and changes after LR or DR coffee ingestion were compared.Blood samples were obtained at the end of two weeks washout period and after each four weeks coffee intervention period, and sera were stored at -30∘ C, until analytical measurements were performed. The levels of Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL), were determined using a Dimension Xpand Plus integrated clinical chemistry autoanalyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA). Differences in human variables were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA for comparisons of LR coffee intake with DR and of each roast with the washout.

Concentration of Serum Malondialdehyde (μM) levels at the end of coffee-free period (washout) and changes after LR or DR coffee ingestion were compared.Serum Malondialdehyde (μM) levels were determined with a colorimetric assay kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). Differences in human variables were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA for comparisons of LR coffee intake with DR and of each roast with the washout.

Cafestol and kahweol were analyzed in the unsaponified matter by HPLC-DAD. Diterpenes content of the two coffee beverages were reported as mean±standard deviation and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical comparison of coffee roasts.. All analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM-SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Caffeine was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Aligent Technologies, USA) with diode-array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometer. content of the two coffee beverages were reported as mean±standard deviation and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical comparison of coffee roasts.. All analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM-SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).