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Completed

NCT Number: NCT03493659

The Effects of Standing Tutorials on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Among Undergraduate Students

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an education model utilized by Maastricht University and many other universities worldwide. PBL occurs in small, collaborative tutorials, under the facilitation of a tutor. This study explores the effects of standing tutorials, compared against sitting tutorials, on PBL among undergraduate students. A quantitative approach will be taken to objectively measure students' learning, and a qualitative approach will be taken to obtain a deeper understanding of the processes of learning.

It is hypothesized that students in the standing tutorials will be able to recall more academic concepts and link the concepts better than students in the sitting tutorials (H1). Audio-recording of the tutorials will be used to measure the discussions within the tutorials. The transcriptions obtained from the recording will be studied through text analysis. It is hypothesized that students in the standing tutorials will produce more discussions, and therefore a higher word count (H2). It is also hypothesized that the students in the standing tutorials will use more word categories that are conducive to the discussion and learning process (H3).

Through the qualitative approach, the content of the transcriptions will be analysed through a thematic analysis. It is hypothesized that the students in the standing tutorials will produce more learning-oriented interactions (H4).

Two additional factors that would be measured are subsequent physical activity and academic achievement. ActivPAL accelerometers will be used to measure the students' daily activity, to find out if the students' daily activities are affected by the standing tutorials, for example, students may sit more as a result of fatigue from the standing tutorials, or conversely transfer the active behaviour from the standing tutorials to other activities outside the tutorial group.It is hypothesized that standing tutorials do not affect the students' subsequent physical activity, and therefore there will be no significant differences of daily activity between students in the sitting and standing tutorials (H5). With regards to academic achievement, it is hypothesized that the students in the standing tutorials will have higher academic achievements after the course compared to the students in the sitting tutorials (H6).

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Key information

Conditions

Problem-based Learning

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Maastricht University

Maastricht, Limburg, 6200MD, Netherlands

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Matriculated undergraduate students of Maastricht University
  • Students who have given their consent to participate in this study.
  • The course subject is well-established and mandatory for all students within the specific bachelor's programme. A well-established course will be chosen so that clear scoring is possible on the concept tests (explained in the Materials and Analysis sections) that will be administered to the students. The course should be mandatory for all students within the bachelor's programme so as to reduce the selection bias that may otherwise occur if we decide to select tutorial groups that only specific groups of students signed up for. An example of a well-established and mandatory course for students in the Biomedical Sciences bachelor's programme at Maastricht University would include 'Brain, behaviour and movement, 'Human genetics, reproduction and prenatal development' and so on.
  • The course coordinators and tutors who are the gatekeepers of the students would have given their permission and cooperation in planning the study into the tutorials.
  • The duration of the course would last at least 10 tutorial classes.
  • The duration of each tutorial is 2 hours.
  • The timing of the tutorial groups will have to be similar to minimize any effects arising due to tests being carried out at different times of the day.
  • The course is taught in English.

Exclusion criteria

  • For the standing tutorials, those who are suffering from musculoskeletal discomfort or pathologies that may prevent or influence movement
  • Non-matriculated student of Maastricht University
  • Non-matriculated student of the chosen course for the study

Treatment and study plan

Standing during Concept Test

Behavioral

The participants will stand with a standing desk at an ergonomically correct height during the administration of the Concept Test.

Standing during regular tutorial session

Behavioral

The participants will stand with a standing desk at an ergonomically correct height during their regular tutorial sessions.

Standing during Concept Test and regular tutorial session

Behavioral

The participants will stand with a standing desk at an ergonomically correct height during the administration of the Concept Test and during their regular tutorial sessions.

Primary outcomes

  1. Process of Learning

    Time frame: 1 hour

    The discussions that are carried out during PBL will be audio-recorded and undergo text and thematic analysis

  2. Outcome of Learning

    Time frame: 10 minutes

    Concept Tests will be administered where students list the number of concepts they can recall, and draw a concept map. Both the recalled concepts and the map will be scored independently and combined for a final score.

  3. Academic Achievement

    Time frame: 2 hours

    Grades of Final Exam

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change of Subsequent Physical Activity

    Time frame: 7 days

    Participants' subsequent physical activity will be measured for 10 days, using the ActivPAL accelerometer, to measure whether standing tutorials (compared against sitting tutorials) have an affect on the participants' daily life's physical activity.

  2. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

    Time frame: 5 minutes

    Participants' overall feelings and emotions are compared between groups in the standing tutorials and sitting tutorials.

Other outcomes

  1. Attendance

    Time frame: Less than 5 minutes (recorded by tutor, as required by the course, even without this intervention study)

    Student attendance across the course are compared to see if attendance is affected by the intervention

  2. Tutor Rating

    Time frame: Less than 5 minutes

    Tutor rating by the students, that the students will give at the end of the course (even without this intervention study)

  3. Search, Preparing and Reporting Phase Questionnaire

    Time frame: 5 minutes

    The questionnaire contains 23 statements, each with a five-point Likert scale describing to what extent the students agreed or disagreed with each statement (1 = 'completely disagree' to 5 = 'completely agree'). Nine statements refer to the theme of "search phase", six statements refer to the theme of "preparing phase", and eight statements refer to the theme of "reporting phase". The aggregate score for each theme will be summed up from the scores on the Likert scale for each statement. Higher scores indicate more effort/preparation for each theme.

  4. Group Interaction Questionnaire

    Time frame: 5 minutes

    This questionnaire is given to tutors to assess the quality of learning-oriented group interactions in PBL. The questionnaire contains 11 statements, each with a five-point Likert scale describing to what extent the tutors agreed or disagreed with each statement (1 = 'completely disagree' to 5 = 'completely agree'). Four statements refer to the theme of "exploratory questions", four statements refer to the theme of "cumulative reasoning", and three statements refer to the theme of "handling conflicts". The aggregate score for each theme will be summed up from the scores on the Likert scale for each statement. Higher scores indicate better discussion quality for each theme.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Maastricht University

Other

Registry information

Important dates

Study start
2018
Primary completion
2018
Study completion
2019
First posted
Apr 10, 2018
Registry last updated
Aug 15, 2019

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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