The Effects of Mass Media Photographs on Drug-Related Stigma

Primary outcomes

1. Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Angry)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of feeling angry at the present moment. Item from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating "not at all" and 5 indicating "extremely" their feeling angry at the present moment.

2. Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Sympathy)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of feeling sympathy at the present moment. Item from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating "not at all" and 5 indicating "extremely" their feeling sympathy at the present moment.

3. Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Disgust)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of feeling disgust at the present moment. Item from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating "not at all" and 5 indicating "extremely" their feeling disgust at the present moment.

4. Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Pity)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of feeling pity at the present moment. Item from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating "not at all" and 5 indicating "extremely" their feeling pity at the present moment.

5. Social Distance Scale (Family)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of willingness to have person with substance use disorder marry into their family. Item from the Social Distance Scale that measures one element of stigma (desire for social distance). Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating greater willingness and 5 indicating greater unwillingness to have a person with a substance use disorder marry into the family.

6. Social Distance Scale (Neighbor)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of willingness to have person with substance use disorder as a neighbor. Item from the Social Distance Scale that measures one element of stigma (desire for social distance). Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating greater willingness and 5 indicating greater unwillingness to have a person with a substance use disorder as a neighbor.

7. Social Distance Scale (Work Closely)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of willingness to have person with substance use disorder work closely with them. Item from the Social Distance Scale that measures one element of stigma (desire for social distance). Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating greater willingness and 5 indicating greater unwillingness to have a person with a substance use disorder work closely with them.

8. Social Distance Scale (close friend)

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of willingness to have person with substance use disorder as a close personal friend. Item from the Social Distance Scale that measures one element of stigma (desire for social distance). Measured on 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating greater willingness and 5 indicating greater unwillingness to have a person with a substance use disorder as a close personal friend.

9. Feeling-Thermometer measure of warmth towards people with substance use disorders

   Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

   Rating of warmth felt toward people with substance use disorder with 0 indicating extremely cold and 100 indicating extremely warm.

10. Rating of agreement that recovery is possible

    Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

    Rating of agreement with statement "Recovery from a drug addiction is possible" on a 5-point Likert scale with 1 indicating strongly agree and 5 indicating strongly disagree.

11. Rating of willingness to have a drug treatment program in their neighborhood

    Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

    Rating of willingness to have a drug treatment program in their neighborhood with 1 indicating greater willingness and 5 indicating greater unwillingness. Measured via survey questionnaire.

12. Rating of willingness to have a syringe exchange program in their neighborhood

    Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

    Rating of willingness to have a syringe exchange program in their neighborhood with 1 indicating greater willingness and 5 indicating greater unwillingness.

13. Rating of willingness to have a safe consumption site in their neighborhood

    Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

    Participant's rating of willingness to have a safe consumption site in their neighborhood with 1 indicating greater willingness and 5 indicating greater unwillingness.

14. Number of participants having a family member with a substance use disorder

    Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

    Personal experience of having a family member with a substance use disorder. Three close-ended response options (Yes, No, Don't know) when asked if the participant has ever had a family member with a substance use disorder.

15. Number of participants having a close friend with a substance use disorder

    Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

    Personal experience of having a close friend with a substance use disorder. Three close-ended response options (Yes, No, Don't know) when asked if the participant has ever had a close friend with a substance use disorder.

16. Number of participants having substance use disorder

    Time frame: Immediately post-exposure to photo intervention

    Personal experience of having a substance use disorder. Three close-ended response options (Yes; No; Don't Know) when asked if the participant has ever had a substance use disorder. Measured via survey questionnaire.