The Effects of Chiropractic Care and Children With Subclinical Spinal Pain

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging tool for noninvasive, continuous monitoring of regional blood flow and tissue oxygenation. It can measure two hemodynamic parameters, both deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), at the same time. It reflects changes in regional blood flow to areas of the brain involved in processing functional tasks (Cognitive tasks). A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging tool for noninvasive, continuous monitoring of regional blood flow and tissue oxygenation. It can measure two hemodynamic parameters, both deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), at the same time. It reflects changes in regional blood flow to areas of the brain involved in processing functional tasks (Cognitive tasks). Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging tool for noninvasive, continuous monitoring of regional blood flow and tissue oxygenation. It can measure two hemodynamic parameters, both deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), at the same time. It reflects changes in regional blood flow to areas of the brain involved in processing functional tasks (Cognitive tasks). Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging tool for noninvasive, continuous monitoring of regional blood flow and tissue oxygenation. It can measure two hemodynamic parameters, both deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), at the same time. It reflects changes in regional blood flow to areas of the brain involved in processing functional tasks (Cognitive tasks). Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

Heart rate variability (HRV) will be used as an objective assessment of psychological health and stress for the participants. High HRV is a marker of an adaptable, responsive nervous system that can detect sensory stimuli and appropriately increase or decrease the heart rate based on the needs of the individual. Low HRV and low parasympathetic activity is associated with chronic pain states, poor cardiovascular health and mood disorders. Heart Rate will be monitored throughout the session. Assessment of participants will be continued throughout the intervention.

The EEG will be recorded from 40-scalp electrodes using the extended 10-20 system montage (Quick-Cap International). The participant will be seated comfortably in a chair with eyes closed throughout the entire recording. We will record a period of resting whole head EEG. We will use standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) for the resting EEG to calculate potential changes (Spatio-spectral Analysis) in brain activity and communication post the chiropractic care intervention.

A baseline assessment will be done before applying intervention.

The EEG will be recorded from 40-scalp electrodes using the extended 10-20 system montage (Quick-Cap International). The participant will be seated comfortably in a chair with eyes closed throughout the entire recording. We will record a period of resting whole head EEG. We will use standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) for the resting EEG to calculate potential changes (Spatio-spectral Analysis) in brain activity and communication post the chiropractic care intervention. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

The EEG will be recorded from 40-scalp electrodes using the extended 10-20 system montage (Quick-Cap International). The participant will be seated comfortably in a chair with eyes closed throughout the entire recording. We will record a period of resting whole head EEG. We will use standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) for the resting EEG to calculate potential changes (Spatio-spectral Analysis) in brain activity and communication post the chiropractic care intervention. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

The EEG will be recorded from 40-scalp electrodes using the extended 10-20 system montage (Quick-Cap International). The participant will be seated comfortably in a chair with eyes closed throughout the entire recording. We will record a period of resting whole head EEG. We will use standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) for the resting EEG to calculate potential changes (Spatio-spectral Analysis) in brain activity and communication post the chiropractic care intervention. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

Spatial Working Memory requires retention and manipulation of visuospatial information. This self-ordered test has notable executive function demands and provides a measure of strategy as well as working memory error.

Outcome measures include errors (selecting boxes that have already been found to be empty and revisiting boxes that have already been found to contain a token) and strategy.

Fewer errors mean good spatial working memory and vice versa for more errors. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Spatial Working Memory requires retention and manipulation of visuospatial information. This self-ordered test has notable executive function demands and provides a measure of strategy as well as working memory error.

Outcome measures include errors (selecting boxes that have already been found to be empty and revisiting boxes that have already been found to contain a token) and strategy.

Fewer errors mean good spatial working memory and vice versa for more errors. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

Spatial Working Memory requires retention and manipulation of visuospatial information. This self-ordered test has notable executive function demands and provides a measure of strategy as well as working memory error.

Outcome measures include errors (selecting boxes that have already been found to be empty and revisiting boxes that have already been found to contain a token) and strategy.

Fewer errors mean good spatial working memory and vice versa for more errors. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

Spatial Working Memory requires retention and manipulation of visuospatial information. This self-ordered test has notable executive function demands and provides a measure of strategy as well as working memory error.

Outcome measures include errors (selecting boxes that have already been found to be empty and revisiting boxes that have already been found to contain a token) and strategy.

Fewer errors mean good spatial working memory and vice versa for more errors. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

Reaction Time provides assessments of motor and mental response speeds and measures of movement time, reaction time, response accuracy, and impulsivity.

Outcome measures are divided into reaction time and movement time for both the simple and five-choice variants.

It's a six-minute test that covers latency (response speed), correct responses and errors of commission and omission.

More accurate reaction in less time inclines toward good reaction time. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Reaction Time provides assessments of motor and mental response speeds and measures of movement time, reaction time, response accuracy, and impulsivity.

Outcome measures are divided into reaction time and movement time for both the simple and five-choice variants.

It's a six-minute test that covers latency (response speed), correct responses and errors of commission and omission.

More accurate reaction in less time inclines toward good reaction time. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

Reaction Time provides assessments of motor and mental response speeds and measures of movement time, reaction time, response accuracy, and impulsivity.

Outcome measures are divided into reaction time and movement time for both the simple and five-choice variants.

It's a six-minute test that covers latency (response speed), correct responses and errors of commission and omission.

More accurate reaction in less time inclines toward good reaction time. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

Reaction Time provides assessments of motor and mental response speeds and measures of movement time, reaction time, response accuracy, and impulsivity.

Outcome measures are divided into reaction time and movement time for both the simple and five-choice variants.

It's a six-minute test that covers latency (response speed), correct responses and errors of commission and omission.

More accurate reaction in less time inclines toward good reaction time. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

Paired Associates Learning assesses visual memory and new learning Outcome measures include the errors made by the participant, the number of trials required to locate the pattern(s) correctly, memory scores and stages completed. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Paired Associates Learning assesses visual memory and new learning Outcome measures include the errors made by the participant, the number of trials required to locate the pattern(s) correctly, memory scores and stages completed. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

Paired Associates Learning assesses visual memory and new learning Outcome measures include the errors made by the participant, the number of trials required to locate the pattern(s) correctly, memory scores and stages completed. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

Paired Associates Learning assesses visual memory and new learning Outcome measures include the errors made by the participant, the number of trials required to locate the pattern(s) correctly, memory scores and stages completed. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) is a test of spatial planning that requires individuals to use problem-solving strategies to match two sets of stimuli. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) is a test of spatial planning that requires individuals to use problem-solving strategies to match two sets of stimuli.

Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) is a test of spatial planning that requires individuals to use problem-solving strategies to match two sets of stimuli. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) is a test of spatial planning that requires individuals to use problem-solving strategies to match two sets of stimuli. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

Delayed Matching to Sample assesses both simultaneous visual matching ability and short-term visual recognition memory for non-verbalizable patterns. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Delayed Matching to Sample assesses both simultaneous visual matching ability and short-term visual recognition memory for non-verbalizable patterns. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

Delayed Matching to Sample assesses both simultaneous visual matching ability and short-term visual recognition memory for non-verbalizable patterns. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

Delayed Matching to Sample assesses both simultaneous visual matching ability and short-term visual recognition memory for non-verbalizable patterns. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

The health-related quality of life will be measured using the PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25, which assesses pain intensity using a single 0-10 numeric rating item and seven health domains (physical function, fatigue, pain interference, depressive symptoms, anxiety, ability to participate in social roles and activities, and sleep disturbance) using four items per domain. PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25 is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess the impacts of health care interventions and track changes in health over time. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

The QOLS is scored by adding up the score on each item to yield a total score for the instrument. Scores can range from 16 to 112.

The health-related quality of life will be measured using the PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25, which assesses pain intensity using a single 0-10 numeric rating item and seven health domains (physical function, fatigue, pain interference, depressive symptoms, anxiety, ability to participate in social roles and activities, and sleep disturbance) using four items per domain. PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25 is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess the impacts of health care interventions and track changes in health over time. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention.

The QOLS is scored by adding up the score on each item to yield a total score for the instrument. Scores can range from 16 to 112.

The health-related quality of life will be measured using the PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25, which assesses pain intensity using a single 0-10 numeric rating item and seven health domains (physical function, fatigue, pain interference, depressive symptoms, anxiety, ability to participate in social roles and activities, and sleep disturbance) using four items per domain. PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25 is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess the impacts of health care interventions and track changes in health over time. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

The QOLS is scored by adding up the score on each item to yield a total score for the instrument. Scores can range from 16 to 112.

The health-related quality of life will be measured using the PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25, which assesses pain intensity using a single 0-10 numeric rating item and seven health domains (physical function, fatigue, pain interference, depressive symptoms, anxiety, ability to participate in social roles and activities, and sleep disturbance) using four items per domain. PROMIS Pediatric v2.0 profile 25 is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess the impacts of health care interventions and track changes in health over time. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

The QOLS is scored by adding up the score on each item to yield a total score for the instrument. Scores can range from 16 to 112.

Cortisol can alter cytokine levels (such as increasing IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines) that then alter the levels of inflammation throughout the body. Cortisol could be measured from saliva samples.

Cortisol (otherwise known as the stress hormone) is made in the adrenal glands. It's elevated when we experience heightened anxiety or stress, and it's lowered when we're in a relaxed state. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Cortisol can alter cytokine levels (such as increasing IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines) that then alter the levels of inflammation throughout the body. Cortisol could be measured from saliva samples.

Cortisol (otherwise known as the stress hormone) is made in the adrenal glands. It's elevated when we experience heightened anxiety or stress, and it's lowered when we're in a relaxed state. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

Cortisol can alter cytokine levels (such as increasing IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines) that then alter the levels of inflammation throughout the body. Cortisol could be measured from saliva samples.

Cortisol (otherwise known as the stress hormone) is made in the adrenal glands. It's elevated when we experience heightened anxiety or stress, and it's lowered when we're in a relaxed state. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention.

Cortisol can alter cytokine levels (such as increasing IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines) that then alter the levels of inflammation throughout the body. Cortisol could be measured from Hair samples.

Cortisol (otherwise known as the stress hormone) is made in the adrenal glands. It's elevated when we experience heightened anxiety or stress, and it's lowered when we're in a relaxed state. Assessment of participants will be done at the baseline of the study.

Cortisol can alter cytokine levels (such as increasing IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines) that then alter the levels of inflammation throughout the body. Cortisol could be measured from Hair samples.

Cortisol (otherwise known as the stress hormone) is made in the adrenal glands. It's elevated when we experience heightened anxiety or stress, and it's lowered when we're in a relaxed state. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention.

The Immune Function Questionnaire (IFQ) consists of 15 items that assess the frequency of various symptoms associated with poor immune function. There are 19 symptom items included on the questionnaire as signs of weakened immune system functioning: headaches, sore throat, eye infection, sinusitis, runny nose, flu, coughing, cold sores, boils, mild fever, pneumonia, bronchitis, warts/verrucas, sepsis, ear infection, diarrhea, meningitis, sudden high fever, and prolonged healing injuries. The IFQ score has been found to positively correlate with the number of visits to a General Medical Practitioner. A baseline assessment of a participant will be done before the start of the intervention.

Calculate the sum score of the 7 IFQ items. To obtain the final IFQ score, translate the "raw" IFQ scores as follows: Interpretation: 0 = very poor, 10 excellent perceived immune status.

The Immune Function Questionnaire (IFQ) consists of 15 items that assess the frequency of various symptoms associated with poor immune function. There are 19 symptom items included on the questionnaire as signs of weakened immune system functioning: headaches, sore throat, eye infection, sinusitis, runny nose, flu, coughing, cold sores, boils, mild fever, pneumonia, bronchitis, warts/verrucas, sepsis, ear infection, diarrhea, meningitis, sudden high fever, and prolonged healing injuries. The IFQ score has been found to positively correlate with the number of visits to a General Medical Practitioner. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 6 weeks of intervention. Calculate the sum score of the 7 IFQ items. To obtain the final IFQ score, translate the "raw" IFQ scores as follows: Interpretation: 0 = very poor, 10 excellent perceived immune status.

The Immune Function Questionnaire (IFQ) consists of 15 items that assess the frequency of various symptoms associated with poor immune function. There are 19 symptom items included on the questionnaire as signs of weakened immune system functioning: headaches, sore throat, eye infection, sinusitis, runny nose, flu, coughing, cold sores, boils, mild fever, pneumonia, bronchitis, warts/verrucas, sepsis, ear infection, diarrhea, meningitis, sudden high fever, and prolonged healing injuries. The IFQ score has been found to positively correlate with the number of visits to a General Medical Practitioner. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 12 weeks of intervention. Calculate the sum score of the 7 IFQ items. To obtain the final IFQ score, translate the "raw" IFQ scores as follows: Interpretation: 0 = very poor, 10 excellent perceived immune status.

The Immune Function Questionnaire (IFQ) consists of 15 items that assess the frequency of various symptoms associated with poor immune function. There are 19 symptom items included on the questionnaire as signs of weakened immune system functioning: headaches, sore throat, eye infection, sinusitis, runny nose, flu, coughing, cold sores, boils, mild fever, pneumonia, bronchitis, warts/verrucas, sepsis, ear infection, diarrhea, meningitis, sudden high fever, and prolonged healing injuries. The IFQ score has been found to positively correlate with the number of visits to a General Medical Practitioner. Assessment of participants will be repeated after 16 weeks of intervention. Calculate the sum score of the 7 IFQ items. To obtain the final IFQ score, translate the "raw" IFQ scores as follows: Interpretation: 0 = very poor, 10 excellent perceived immune status.

Fitbit can be used to measure the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Heart rate variability (HRV) has become a validated marker of autonomic function. In a large population-based study it was found that strong and independent relationships between HR and HRV with a broad set of inflammatory biomarkers. The recording will be done for up to 16 weeks.

The system consists of the following three components: i) a smartphone that has an embedded accelerometer, ii) a belt to house the phone on the lower back, iii) and a smartphone balance application. There are six different tasks that the subject has to perform with the system, like, normal walking up to 6 meters, walking with head movement, standing with eyes open and closed and standing on a compromised surface with eyes open and closed. This app. will calculate mediolateral and anterior-posterior sway during each task. Assessment will be done at baseline.

The system consists of the following three components: i) a smartphone that has an embedded accelerometer, ii) a belt to house the phone on the lower back, iii) and a smartphone balance application. There are six different tasks that the subject has to perform with the system, like, normal walking up to 6 meters, walking with head movement, standing with eyes open and closed and standing on a compromised surface with eyes open and closed. This app. will calculate mediolateral and anterior-posterior sway during each task. Assessment will be done after 6 weeks.

The system consists of the following three components: i) a smartphone that has an embedded accelerometer, ii) a belt to house the phone on the lower back, iii) and a smartphone balance application. There are six different tasks that the subject has to perform with the system, like, normal walking up to 6 meters, walking with head movement, standing with eyes open and closed and standing on a compromised surface with eyes open and closed. This app. will calculate mediolateral and anterior-posterior sway during each task. Assessment will be done after 12 weeks.

The system consists of the following three components: i) a smartphone that has an embedded accelerometer, ii) a belt to house the phone on the lower back, iii) and a smartphone balance application. There are six different tasks that the subject has to perform with the system, like, normal walking up to 6 meters, walking with head movement, standing with eyes open and closed and standing on a compromised surface with eyes open and closed. This app. will calculate mediolateral and anterior-posterior sway during each task. Assessment will be done after 16 weeks.