The Effects of Body Scan on Enteroception in Patients With Heart Failure

Enteroceptive Sensibility (assessed with the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, version 2, MAIA-2)

The MAIA-2 is a 6-point Likert scale questionnaire with 37 items divided into 8 subscales. Higher scores reflect greater enteroceptive sensibility.

Enteroceptive Sensibility (assessed with Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, version 2, MAIA-2)

MAIA-2 is a 6-point Likert scale questionnaire with 37 items divided into 8 subscales. Higher scores reflect greater interoception

Enteroceptive Accuracy (assessed with the Heartbeat Tracking Task)

Enteroceptive Awareness will be calculated with Pearson's r confidence, using the HTT score as a measure of interoceptive accuracy and a confidence VAS (0-10) as a partial measure of interoceptive sensibility

Symptom Perception (assessed with the Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale), which is a 6-point Likert scale with 18 items. Higher scores reflect a higher impact of heart failure on patients' lives.

Quality of Life wil be assessed with the 5-dimensions version of EuroQoL (EQ-5D).

The EuroQoL is a standardized measure of health status divided into two sections: section one comprises 5 dimensions (Mobility, Self-Care, Usual Activities, Pain/Discomfort, Anxiety/Depression) and 3 levels (no problems, some problems, extreme problems); section two asks participants to rank their perceived health status with a VAS ranging from 0 ('The worst health you can imagine') to 100 ('The best health you can imagine').

Heart Failure Specific Quality of Life will be measured using the 12-Items Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ).

The KCCQ comprises 12 items exploring 4 dimensions. Scores range from 0 to 100, where 100 reflects a higher functioning level.

Self-care will be assessed with the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index version 7.2.

It is a 29-item instrument exploring three dimensions with 5-point Likert-type options. Higher scores reflect better self-care

Self-care Self-efficacy will be assessed using the Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale, which comprises 10 items, answerable from a 1 to 5 option-scale. Scores are standardized to range from 0 to 100, with higher scores representing higher levels of self-efficacy.

Anxiety (assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y, STAI-Y)

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-Y) is a validated questionnaire divided into two scales measuring state and trait anxiety, respectively. Both STAI-S and STAI-T comprise 20 items each, for a total of 40 items. Items are rated on a 4-point scale, with higher scores reflecting greater anxiety levels

Depression will be measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BD-II).

It has 21 items, answerable on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depression symptoms

Alexithymia will be assessed using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). It comprises 3 factors, answerable with a 5-point Likert scale, with increasing scores indicating higher degrees of alexithymia.

Emotional Regulation will be assessed with the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ).

ERQ is a 10-item self-report questionnaire, rated on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 ('Strongly Disagree') to 7 ('Strongly Agree'), with higher scores indicating higher emotional regulation