The Effectiveness of a Recovery Program for People With Mental Illness: A Multicenter Study

The scale consists of 45 items, with six subscales: the sense of hope, disability management/taking responsibility, regaining autonomy, social functioning/role performance, overall well-being, and willingness to help. It has good internal consistency and proper construct validity. The SRS utilizes a 4-point rating scale: never (0), seldom (1), sometimes (2), and often (3). Higher scores indicate better recovery. The developers also provide the cutoff scores for four recovery stages: Stage 1 (overwhelmed by the disability), 0-57; Stage 2 (struggling with disability), 58-90; Stage 3 (living with disability), 91-119; and Stage 4 (living beyond disability), 120-135.

The Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SS) is a multidimensional, self-administered instrument that addresses all five functions of an interpersonal relationship to assess the various functional dimensions of social support, including emotional , informational, tangible, affectionate, and positive interaction (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991).For each item, the respondents were asked to indicate how often each support was available to them if they needed it. Response options were none of the time (1), a little of the time (2), some of the time (3), most of the time (4), and all of the time (5). For each scale, simple algebraic sums were computed, and then the raw scale scores were transformed into a scale of 0 to 100. The higher the score, the better the perception of social support. The reliability and validity of the measure in an American population of adults with chronic illness have been established (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991).

The THS is a self-report measure based on the principle that hope is a cognitive set based on an individual's agency (a sense of successful determination in being able to achieve one's goals and a perceived efficacy for initiating and sustaining action toward goal attainment) and pathways (an individual's cognitive appraisal of his or her ability to overcome obstacles and achieve these goals) (Synder et al., 1991). The measure includes 12 items, four measuring pathways and four measuring agency, and four "filler" items that are not used for scoring. The measure yields scores for the agency and pathways subscales, as well as a total score. Across a number of different samples, alphas ranged from .64 to .80 for the pathways subscale, .71 to .77 for the agency subscale, and from .74 to .84 for the total score (Snyder et al., 1997).

The purpose of the 10 item RSE scale is to measure self-esteem. As the RSE is a Guttman scale, scoring can be a little complicated. Scoring involves a method of combined ratings. Low self-esteem responses are "disagree" or "strongly disagree" on items 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, and "strongly agree" or "agree" on items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9. Two or three out of three correct responses to items 3, 7, and 9 are scored as one item. One or two out of two correct responses for items 4 and 5 are considered as a single item; items 1,8, and 10 are scored as individual items; and combined correct responses (one or two out of two) to items 2 and 6 are considered to be a single item. The scale can also be scored by totalling the individual 4 point items after reverse-scoring the negatively worded items.

The BSRS comprises 50 items, which best reflect the original ten symptom dimensions and three indices of psychopathology from the SCL-90-R.

It is self-rated by individuals on a 5-point scale of symptom severity distress (0-4). It can measure nine primary and one additional symptom dimension of psycho-pathology, as well as there indices of distress- General Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and Total Number of Positive Symptoms (PST).

The course discussion of the end of phase 1 and phase 2 will be recorded. In addition, the participants of the intervention group will be interviewed at follow up. Those qualitative data will be transcribed and analyzed.