The Effectiveness of a Classroom-based Intervention Promoting a Prosocial Classroom Climate in Children

It is a self-reported instrument rated on a 3-point scale from 1 (not true) to 3 (definitely true), measuring children's attitudes towards prosocial behavior that are on average held in the classroom. Higher scores reflect a higher injunctive norm of the group towards prosocial behavior.

The adapted SDQ subscale prosocial behavior is a self-reported instrument rated on a 4-point scale from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores reflect more prosocial behavior.

Children see a list with the names of all classmates and select the classmates that fit the question best according to them. Two items are used, assessing the child's prosocial behavior according to classmates. The number of received nominations is devided by the number of possible nominations, resulting in a proportion score for prosocial relations.

The CPCQ is a self-reported instrument. The cooperation subscale consists of four items assessing the extent to which children experience positive behavior. The conflict subscale consists of two items assessing the extent to which children experience negative behavior. The items are rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 4 (completely true). Higher scores on the cooperation subscale reflects more positive behavior, while for the conflict subscale it reflects more negative behavior.

This instrument is a self-reported instrument, rated on a 3-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 3 (definitely true). Higher scores reflect more intrinsic (prosocial) motivation.

The adapted RSES is a self-reported istrument, rated on a 3-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 3 (definitely true). Higher scores reflect more social competence.

It is a self-reported instrument, rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores reflect more autonomy.

The CPCQ is a self-reported instrument. The comfort subscale consists of four items assessing the extent to which children feel at ease in the classroom. The cohesion subscale consists of two items assessing the extent to which the children in the classroom spend time together. The items are rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 4 (completely true). Higher scores on both subscales reflect more positive behavior.

This is a self-reported instrument. School belonging is measured with 7 items, rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores reflect positive school wellbeing.

This is a self-reported instrument. School safety is measured with 1 item, rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very unsafe) to 7 (very safe). Higher scores reflect positive school wellbeing.

Children see a list with the names of all classmates and select the classmates that fit the question best according to them. Five items are used, assessing the child's social position according to classmates. The number of received nominations is devided by the number of possible nominations, resulting in a proportion score for each social position (kindness, leadership, unkindness, popularity, best friends).

The OB-VQ is a self-reported instrument, consisting of items related to bullying, bullying victimization and the perceived behavior and attitudes of the teacher. Nine items related to bullying and victimization are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (I did not bully / I was not bullied) to 5 (several times a week). Higher scores reflect more bullying and victimization.

The OB-VQ is a self-reported instrument, consisting of items related to bullying, bullying victimization and the perceived behavior and attitudes of the teacher. One item asks where the child is bullied. with answer options such as: in the halway, on the way to school, in the classroom (with the teacher present).

The OB-VQ is a self-reported instrument, consisting of items related to bullying, bullying victimization and the perceived behavior and attitudes of the teacher. Three items relate to the perceived behavior and attitude of the teacher. Higher scores reflect more negative attitudes/behavior of the teacher.

Regarding sociometric nominations,10 questions related to bullying victimization and one question related to bullying will be asked to children. Children see a list with the names of all classmates and select the classmates that fit the question best according to them. The number of received nominations is devided by the number of possible nominations, resulting in a proportion score for bullying.

Child characteristics include age, gender, romantic attraction , grade, and ethnic identity (9 items).

Teacher characteristics include age, gender, years of experience (as a teacher in general, and as a teacher at the specific school) and experience with implementing social safety programs (10 items).

School characteristics include location, number of participating grades and students in the classrooms, and years of experience with a social safety program (e.g., KiVa) (15 items).

Children fill in questionnaires related to the three main components of the program: 1) meaningful roles (e.g., "How much did you like the role(s)" (12 items), 2) classroom meetings (e.g., "The weekly meetings were done independently by the class", 4 items), and 3) compliments (e.g., "I have received compliments from my classmates", 7 items). Higher scores reflect a more positive or greater adherence of the working elements.

Teachers fill in questionnaires related to the three main components of the program: 1) meaningful roles (e.g., "Which roles were the most popular?", 9 items), 2) classroom meetings (e.g., "How often has a meeting been held?", 5 items), and 3) compliments (e.g., "How many times a week has attention been paid to the compliments?", 6 items). Higher scores reflect a more positive or greater adherence of the working elements.

Teachers and school leaders fill in questionnaires related to the implementation of the program, divided into the domains training and material (e.g., "How often have you used the manual?", 9 items), child questionnaires (e.g., "Where there any questions that the children struggled with?", 2 items), time investment (e.g., "How did you feel about the time you had to implement the program properly?", 3 items), and global impression (e.g., "What is your general impression of the degree of success of the implementation of the program?", 6 items). Higher scores reflect a more positive or greater adherence of the program.