The Effect of TPS on Cognitive Functions in Older Adults With MCI

Change in global cognitive function scores from baseline, as measured by the Hong Kong version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA). The HK-MoCA assesses various cognitive domains, including attention, memory, language, visuospatial skills, and executive functions. Scores on the HK-MoCA range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function.

Change in auditory attention scores from baseline, as measured by the Auditory Attention Span (AAS) test. This test assesses participants' ability to maintain focus on auditory stimuli and recall sequences of numbers or words. Higher scores indicate better auditory attention performance.

Change in visual attention scores from baseline, as measured by the Visual Attention Span (VAS) test. The VAS test assesses the ability to maintain and recall visual stimuli. Higher scores reflect better visual attention.

Change in sustained attention scores from baseline, as measured by the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). This test evaluates sustained attention and response control, with higher scores indicating improved sustained attention over time.

Change in visual-spatial judgment scores from baseline, as measured by the Vision Space Judgment (VSJ) test. This test evaluates the ability to judge spatial relationships between objects, with higher scores indicating improved visual-spatial judgment.

Change in working memory scores from baseline, as measured by the Math Problems (MP) task. This test evaluates the ability to store and manipulate information related to calculations in working memory. Higher scores indicate better working memory performance.

Change in working memory scores from baseline, as measured by the Math Problems (MP) task. This test evaluates the ability to store and manipulate information related to calculations in working memory. Higher scores indicate better working memory performance.

Change in working memory scores from baseline, as measured by the Working Memory (WM) task. This test evaluates participants' ability to retain and manipulate verbal and non-verbal information. Higher scores indicate better working memory performance.

Change in verbal memory scores from baseline, as measured by the Verbal Memory List Learning (VMLL) task. This task assesses the ability to encode, store, and retrieve verbal information. Higher scores indicate improved verbal memory.

Change in processing speed scores from baseline, as measured by the Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT). This test assesses the speed of processing visual information and converting it into a motor response. Higher scores indicate better processing speed.

Change in vocabulary scores from baseline, as measured by the Receptive Vocabulary (RV) task. This test evaluates participants' understanding and recognition of spoken words. Higher scores indicate improved language and vocabulary skills.

Change in executive functioning scores from baseline, as measured by the Figural Fluency Test (FFT). This test assesses participants' ability to generate novel responses and plan effectively. Higher scores indicate better executive functioning.

Change in depressive symptoms from baseline, as measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms, while lower scores indicate improvement.

Change in anxiety symptoms from baseline, as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms, while lower scores indicate improvement.

Change in functional independence from baseline, as measured by the Hong Kong Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale. Higher scores indicate greater independence in daily living activities.

Change in quality of life scores from baseline, as measured by the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) scale. Higher scores indicate better perceived quality of life.

Monitoring of adverse reactions using a self-reported questionnaire after each TPS session. The questionnaire assesses potential side effects such as headaches, dizziness, or other discomforts.