The Effect of Stress Ball Used During Intra Uterine Insemination on Pain, Anxiety, Comfort and Physiological Parameters

Infertility is a significant social and health issue, negatively affecting couples, particularly women's biological, physical, and psychosocial well-being. Assisted reproductive techniques are utilized to help couples with infertility achieve parenthood (Taşkın, 2023). Among these techniques, the Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) procedure can lead to pain, anxiety, discomfort, and trauma, both from the procedure itself and from the emotional impact of infertility. Pain associated with trauma and anxiety may trigger adverse effects, such as increased catecholamine levels, reduced heart rate, blood pressure, and lung vital capacity, due to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (Yıldız Fındık and Soydaş Yeşilyurt, 2017; Vaajoki et al., 2012).

To alleviate acute pain and enhance comfort during IUI procedures, in addition to medical interventions, non-pharmacological methods with minimal side effects are also critical (Stewart and Cox-Davenport, 2015). One such approach is the attention distribution method, which enables brain receptors to shift focus away from painful stimuli, thereby reducing pain perception and improving control (Elmali and Balcı Akpinar, 2017). The use of stress balls as a non-pharmacological method of attention distribution is particularly noteworthy. Stress balls are accessible, cost-effective, and safe. Furthermore, their use offers a holistic approach, incorporating touch, healing, and therapeutic effects (Yanes et al., 2018). A review of the literature reveals various findings on the psychometric and vital sign changes-such as anxiety, stress, comfort, and compliance-associated with stress ball use during medical procedures, including colonoscopy, endoscopy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), prostate biopsy, radiography, hemodialysis, intravenous (IV) procedures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing (Apaydin Cirik et al., 2023; Çakır and Evirgen, 2023; Özen et al., 2023; Karataş and Gezginci, 2023, 2022; Gezginci et al., 2018a; Karataş and Gezginci, 2018; Quan et al., 2016). Additionally, some studies highlight the therapeutic or healing benefits of touch in children and intensive care settings (Garrett and Riou, 2021). However, the specific effects of hand-holding and stress ball use on pain, anxiety, comfort, and physiological parameters during the IUI procedure have not yet been thoroughly investigated.

Inclusion criteria

Intervention Group 1 (Stress Ball Group)

• Agreeing to participate in the study with verbal and written consent,
• Being between the ages of 18-50,
• Being able to read and write in Turkish,
• Not having a muscle or joint problem that prevents squeezing the stress ball
• Having Intrauterine Insemination (insemination) as an infertility treatment,

Intervention Group 2 (Hand Holding Group)

• Agreeing to participate in the study with verbal and written consent,
• Being between the ages of 18-50,
• Being able to read and write in Turkish,
• Not having a problem with holding hands
• Having Intrauterine Insemination (insemination) as an infertility treatment,

Control Group

• Agreeing to participate in the study with verbal and written consent,
• Being between the ages of 18-50,
• Being able to read and write in Turkish,
• Having Intrauterine Insemination (insemination) as an infertility treatment, To have an insemination (vaccination) procedure,

Exclusion criteria

Intervention Group (Stress Ball Group)

• Use any analgesic agent at least 24 hours before the procedure,
• Having a chronic pain disorder,
• Abandoning the completion of the data collection forms,
• Needing urgent intervention by a physician during or immediately after the procedure,
• Having any psychiatric disease,
• Having a visual, hearing, speech, physical or mental disability,
• Wanting to leave the study at any stage,
• Not applying the stress ball application as requested

Intervention Group (Hand Holding Group)

• Use any analgesic agent at least 24 hours before the procedure,
• Having a chronic pain disorder,
• Being uncomfortable with the hand-holding application,
• Abandoning the completion of the data collection forms,
• Needing urgent intervention by a physician during or immediately after the procedure,
• Having any psychiatric disease,
• Having visual, hearing, speech, having a physical or mental disability,
• Wanting to leave the study at any stage,

Control Group

• Use any analgesic agent at least 24 hours before the procedure,
• Having a chronic pain disorder,
• Stopping the completion of the data collection forms,
• Needing urgent intervention by a physician during or immediately after the procedure,
• Having any psychiatric disease,
• Having a visual, hearing, speech, physical or mental disability,
• Wanting to leave the study at any stage,