The Effect of Smartphone and Hand Anthropometry on Pain and Upper Extremity Functions

It is the longitudinal distance in centimeters from the midpoint of the distance from the most distal styloid process of the radius to the most distal styloid process of the ulna to the tip of the 3rd finger. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

It is the longitudinal distance in centimeters between the midpoint of the wrist crease and the highest point of the 3rd Metacarpal head. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

It is the longitudinal distance in centimeters between the base of the 2nd Metacarpal bone and the base of the 5th Metacarpal bone. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

It is the longest distance in centimeters from the thumb to the tip of the 5th finger when your hand is open. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

Grip strength will be measured in Newton using a Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Standard grip strength testing position recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT); Participants will sit upright on the back of a chair without armrests with their feet flat on the floor, shoulder in adduction and neutral rotation, elbow in 90 degree flexion, forearm in neutral, wrist in slight extension and (0-150) degree ulnar deviation. It will be measured 3 times, and a 1-minute rest break will be given between each trial. The average of 3 attempts will be calculated for each hand.

Measurement of pinch grip strength in Newton will be performed with a digital pinchmeter. Pinch grip strength test position recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT); Participants will sit upright on the back of a chair without armrests with their feet flat on the floor, shoulder adduction and neutral rotation, elbow 90 degree flexion, forearm neutral, wrist slightly extended and (0-150) degree ulnar deviation. It will be measured 3 times, and a 1-minute rest break will be given between each trial. The average of 3 attempts will be calculated for each hand.

The size of the touch screen will be measured in inches diagonally from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner (6). iPhone 5 models from Apple and 6 models from Samsung Galaxy, Realme, Xiaomi Redmi, Oppo, Huawei, Infinix, Reeder and other touch screen phones will be used. Screen dimensions will be measured using a standard ruler 30 cm diagonally across the screen (3). According to screen size, mobile phones will be grouped into small, medium and large phone sizes as shown in Table 2.

Quick-DASH is an evaluation questionnaire that measures activity and participation limitations in all upper extremity disorders. In the survey, patients' difficulties during daily living activities are questioned with 11 questions. Each answer is scored on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, from best to worst. There are also optionally completed Business Model (DASH-W) sections consisting of 4 questions and Sports and Musicians Model (DASH-SM) sections consisting of 4 questions. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire in Turkish was determined by Düger et al. made by. The total score for the first section consisting of 30 questions varies between 0 and 100. The total score for the second part ranges from 0 to 100. For the third part, which evaluates high performance sports, the total score varies between 0 and 100. An increase in the score in the survey indicates a decrease in functionality.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Standard 10 centimeters VAS (0 = "no pain", 10 = "unbearable pain") was used to determine the pain levels of the volunteers participating in the study.

In our study, the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Form, whose Turkish adaptation is valid and reliable, will be used to measure the smartphone addiction of the participants. The total number of items of this single-factor scale is 10. The scale is evaluated with a six-point Likert-type scale, and each item is scored from one (strongly disagree) to six (strongly agree). The lowest score that can be obtained from this scale is 10 and the highest score is 60. The cut-off value for the scale was found to be 31 points for men and 33 points for women. High scores from the scale indicate an increased risk of smartphone addiction.