The Effect of Smart Sensor Combined With APP for Individualized Precise Exercise Training in Long Covid-19

Maximal VO2 during testing, also means aerobic capacity

Anaerobic Threshold (AT) refers to the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood at a faster rate than it can be removed. It represents a transition point between predominantly aerobic metabolism (using oxygen) and increased anaerobic metabolism (without sufficient oxygen).

Maximal Working load during testing

A measure used during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to assess how much of a person's maximum ventilatory capacity is unused at peak exercise. It reflects the difference between the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and the minute ventilation (VE) reached during exercise.

Resting heart rate during exercise testing

It means the heart pumps O2 volume by each heart beat, and also means left ventricle function.

The resting blood pressure during exercise testing

The resting blood pressure during exercise testing

The ventilation/ perfusion abnormalities (VE/VCO2) is measured by graded exercise testing.The change in VE/VCO2 was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A lower VE/VCO2 ratio indicates better ventilatory efficiency and reduced ventilation/perfusion abnormalities.

The heart rate recovery is measured by graded exercise testing, including 1 minute and 2 minute recovery.

The change in heart rate recovery was calculated as the difference between heart rate recovery at 12 weeks and heart rate recovery at baseline. A decrease of < 12 or 22 beats per minute in 1- or 2- min heart rate recovery, respectively, indicates an elevated risk of mortality. A faster heart rate recovery indicates better cardiovascular fitness and autonomic regulation.

The total amount of air exhaled (mL) during a forced expiratory volume test will be measured by spirometry. The change in FVC was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FVC indicates better lung function.

The amount of air exhaled (mL) during the first second during a forced expiratory volume test will be measured by spirometry. The change in FEV1 was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FEV1 indicates better lung function.

The measured FEV1 is divided by the measured FVC. he change in FEV1/FVC was calculated as the value at 12 weeks minus the value at baseline. A higher FEV1/FVC ratio generally indicates better lung function, while a lower ratio suggests airflow limitation.

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

Analysis software was evaluated using METASENS. Begin by having the participants sit back in a standard arm chair and identify a 3 meters line on the floor. Participants walk forward three meters at the usual speed, turn around and return to the chair before sitting down. The METASENS evaluation analysis software calculates the step length (m), speed (m/s), cadence (steps per minute), left/right gait cycle (sec), left/right knee flexion angle (deg), left/right foot contact extension angle (deg), turn around time (sec), stand up time (sec), total walking time (sec).

A simple checklist to record Long COVID symptoms. Symptoms that persisted or were newly developed after acute infection were documented as sequelae. Symptoms included fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive dysfunction (referred to as "brain fog"), chest pain, cough, dizziness, headache, sleep disturbances, palpitations, depression/anxiety, and olfactory dysfunction.

The Taiwanese version of the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) with good validity and reliability includes the globally standardized WHOQOL-BREF with 26 items and an additional two locally developed items, making a total of 28 items. It consists of two single-facet items measuring overall quality of life and general health and four domains, including physical (7 items), psychological (6 items), social (4 items), and environmental (9 items) domains. The two additional items are being respected/accepted facet in the social domain and eating/food facet in the environment domain, respectively. The participants rated all items on a scale of 1-5, with higher scores reflecting a greater quality of life. Domain scores were derived by multiplying the mean of the facet scores within each domain by a scaling factor of 4, resulting in potential domain scores ranging from 4 to 20.

Symptoms of sleeping quality will be assessed using Pittsburgh Sleeping Index. The content is aimed at the sleep conditions of the subjects, including seven items including personal self-evaluation of sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep hours, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, drug use and daytime dysfunction. Each item is calculated by the Likert four-point method, 0-3 points, the total score ranges from 0-21 points, and the higher the score, the worse the sleep quality. (MORGAN, DALLOSSO, EBRAHIM, ARIE, & Fentem, 1988; Tang Zhenqing et al., 2014).

The InBody device is a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) system designed to assess body composition in a non-invasive, rapid, and reliable manner. It quantifies key components such as skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, total body water, and visceral fat area.

The InBody device is a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) system designed to assess body composition in a non-invasive, rapid, and reliable manner. It quantifies key components such as skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, total body water, and visceral fat area.

The InBody device is a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) system designed to assess body composition in a non-invasive, rapid, and reliable manner. It quantifies key components such as skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, total body water, and visceral fat area.