The Effect of Roxadustat on Renal Oxygenation in Diabetes Nephropathy

Aims

The general aim of this study is to investigate the effects of systemic administration of Evrenzo (Roxadustat [RD]) or Aranesp (darbepoetin alpha [DA]) on the levels of renal oxygenation in patients with diabetic nephropathy and associated anemia.

The investigation will elucidate if RD, a prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor and subsequent Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF) activator, can reduce renal hypoxia, compared to DA, which lacks effects on HIF.

Background

Diabetes complications represent a huge health problem and concern for modern diabetes therapy, with dramatic consequences for the affected individuals and society.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and accounts for a high morbidity and mortality rate in patients with diabetes. Today, the treatment for DKD focuses on optimizing the patients' metabolic control, blood lipid levels and blood pressure, which unfortunately is optimally achieved in just a restricted portion of patients (1). Thus, there is a great need of identifying novel therapies that could improve or prevent progression DKD.

While hyperglycemia is the major factor contributing to the development of diabetes complications, the role of hypoxia has recently become increasingly evident as another central factor in all diabetes complications (2). Several effects may contribute to the development of hypoxia in diabetes, including deficient blood supply secondary to micro- and macro-vascular disease, poor local oxygen diffusion secondary to local oedema, or as a result of increased oxygen consumption (3, 4, 5, 6).

HIF-1, a heterodimeric transcription factor, is a central regulator of cellular adaptive response to hypoxia (7). HIF consists of two subunits (alpha and beta), both constitutively expressed in mammalian cells. In normoxia, HIF-1alpha is continuously degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system because of the oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of two key proline residues catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs) (7). Upon hypoxia, this degradation pathway is suppressed and HIF-1alpha is stabilized, translocates to the nucleus where it dimerizes with HIF-1beta and induces the expression of more than 800 genes involved in angiogenesis, glycolytic energy metabolism, proliferation and survival that enables the cells to adapt to reduced oxygen availability (8, 9). HIF-1 is central for expression of several angiogenic growth factors (e.g., VEGF, erythropoietin (EPO), stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha) (10).

Lately, accumulating evidence points to a defective cellular response to hypoxia in diabetes. This defective hypoxia response has been shown to be present in all tissues that develop complications in both animal models for diabetes and in patients with diabetes as a consequence of impaired HIF signaling, and there is a direct suppressive effect of hyperglycemia on HIF function (11). Studies in animal models of diabetes have demonstrated that restoring HIF function in hyperglycemia can prevent the development of multiple diabetes complications, including DKD (7).

RD is a PHD inhibitor that stabilizes HIF-1 by preventing PHD dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha, and has recently been approved for treatment of renal anemia. As hypoxia plays a central pathogenic role even in the early stages of DKD (12), and activation of HIF signaling has recently been demonstrated to have protective effects in animal models of DKD (13), it is of great interest to also investigate the potential role of RD as a targeted therapy for DKD in humans.

The presently proposed project aims to investigate the potential of RD to improve renal oxygenation in patients with DKD and anemia, compared to DA which lacks the above-mentioned effects on HIF and is an alternative treatment for the same condition. To examine this the investigators plan to use BOLD-MRI (blood oxygen level-defendant MRI), a non-invasive method available for measurement of tissue oxygenation levels that is comparable with direct invasive measurement of partial oxygen pressure (14).

Research design

The research design is a randomized prospective, open-label study with parallel groups of 15 participants/group with non-dialysis dependent DKD CKD stage 3-4 with Hb <10g/dl (the level of Hb recommended for RD/DA treatment). One group will receive Roxadustat (Evrenzo) three times weekly at an initial dose of 70mg (for body weight <100.0 kg) or 100 mg (for body weight weight ≥100.0 kg). The control group will receive darbepoietin alpha (Aranesp) s.c. 0.45mg/kg once a week. The dosage for both arms will be adjusted to keep Hb at the recommended levels between 11-12g/dl.

Kidney oxygenation will be evaluated using BOLD-MRI prior to start of therapy, and once again after 24 weeks of treatment with either RD or DA. Primary endpoint is the change in medullary and cortical R2* (inversely proportional to the tissue oxygenation content) after 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints will be albuminuria and urinary levels of ROS (evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with CPH spin probes).

Inclusion criteria

• Diabetes mellitus with anemia caused by DKD, and indication for treatment with erythropoetin/erythropoietin-stimulating drugs.
• Age 18-75
• HbA1c >55
• Diabetes duration 10+ years.
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3-4
• Symptomatic anemia with Hb <10g/dl
• Contraception: Female subjects must be postmenopausal, surgically sterile, or if premenopausal (and not surgically sterile), be prepared to use ≥1 effective method of contraception during the study and for 30 days after the last visit. Effective methods of contraception are those listed below:

• Double barrier method, i.e. (a) condom (male or female) or (b) diaphragm, with spermicide; or
• Intrauterine device; or
• Vasectomy (partner); or
• Hormonal (e.g., contraceptive pill, patch, intramuscular implant, or injection); or
• Abstinence, if in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject.
• Signed informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Anemia not related to CKD.
• Dialysis dependent CKD
• Currently treated for renal anemia using erythropoietin-stimulating drugs
• Infections during the last 30 days.
• Severe hypertension (≥180mmHg systolic or >110mmHg diastolic blood pressure)
• Liver failure (Child-Pugh class B-C)
• History of epilepsy or seizures
• Any concomitant disease or condition that may interfere with the possibility for the patient to comply with or complete the study protocol.
• Ongoing drug or alcohol abuse.
• Known allergy to RD or DA
• Malignancy
• Severe claustrophobia
• Participation in another ongoing pharmacological study
• If female: plans to become pregnant, known pregnancy or a positive urine pregnancy test (confirmed by a positive serum pregnancy test), or currently breastfeeding.
• Unwillingness to participate following oral and written information
• Other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition that makes the subject inappropriate for the study, as judged by the investigator.
• History of thrombosis (DVT, pulmonary embolism)