The Effect of Music-Based Mindfulness to Cope with Acculturative-Related Stress

Primary outcomes

1. Change in Spielberger State-Anxiety Inventory

   Time frame: 5 minutes before intervention and 5 minutes post intervention

   The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory survey which has six-item short-form of the state(STAI: Y-6 score.

   To calculate the total STAI score (range 20 - 80):

   • reverse scoring of the positive items (calm, relaxed, content) so 1=4, 2=3, 3=2 and 4=1;
   • sum all six scores;
   • multiply total score by 20/6;
   • refer to Spielberger's manuals to interpret scores (a 'normal' score is approx. 34 - 36) Participant will complete the survey 5 minutes prior to the intervention and then 5 minutes after the intervention

2. Change in researcher-designed attention scale

   Time frame: 5 minutes before intervention and 5 minutes post intervention

   There are two items. The first item "I am very focused in the present right now" will utilize a 5-point scale ranging from 1= "Not at All" to 5= "Extremely." Conversely, the second item "I have a lot of distracting thoughts right now" will be measured using a reversed score. In this context, higher scores signify greater levels of attention. A composite score of these two items will be reported.

3. Change in Trail Making Test, Part A and B

   Time frame: 5 minutes before intervention and 5 minutes post intervention

   The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a timed test and the goal is to complete the test as accurately and as quickly as possible. Raw scores are reported in seconds to complete the test. For Part B, an average score is 75 seconds and a deficient score is greater than 273 seconds.

   The present study reports T-scores, which can range from a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. The higher the T- score achieved by a participant, the better the performance, indicating a higher level of functioning.