The Effect of Mulligan and GMI on Distal Radius Proprioception

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a self-report measure developed to assess the fear of pain related to movement in patients with musculoskeletal pain. It consists of 17 questions designed to measure the fear of movement and re-injury. The scale utilizes a 4-point Likert scoring system (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree). The items are grouped into two distinct factors: activity avoidance and somatic focus. The TSK is commonly used in distal radius fracture cases to assess general fear of movement.

Application in Your Study: In your project, this assessment will be performed using both a universal goniometer and an electrogoniometer (K Force Sens).The patient is asked to memorize a target angle (20 extension) and then actively reproduce it, with the difference between the target angle and the measured angle recorded as the degree of error.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Used to rate the severity of the patient's pain. It typically consists of a 100 mm line with two descriptors representing extreme pain intensity (e.g., no pain and worst possible pain) at either end. Patients mark their intensity on the line, and the score is measured as the distance from the "no pain" end.

Algometer (Baseline dolorimeter 66 pound) Used as an objective method to measure the pressure pain threshold on the patient's wrist. Measurements are recorded in kilograms (kg). The test is 10 seconds long with gradually increasing pressure. Assessment points include the lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, ulnar styloid, and radial head.

Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) Used to assess the patient's functionality. It is a subjective outcome measure consisting of 15 questions that determine the level of pain and disability in hand/wrist problems. It includes pain and function subscales, and sections for specific and daily activities. Total score is calculated out of 100, with a higher score indicating greater disability.

Jamar Hand Dynamometer considered the gold standard for measuring hand grip strength, highly reliable, and recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT). The measurement is taken in a standard position (seated, shoulder adducted/neutral rotation, elbow 90^\\circ$ flexion, forearm mid-rotation/supported, wrist neutral). The average of 3 measurements, with 1-minute rests between each, is recorded.

Digital Handheld Dynamometer Used to evaluate the strength of the wrist flexor, extensor, ulnar, and radial deviation muscles. The device provides objective data and records measurements in kilograms (kg) over a 10-second resistance test.