The Effect of Laughter Yoga on Hope and School Burnout

The Children's Hope Scale (CHS) is self-report measure of children's perceptions that their goals can be met. The CHS consists of six items that are hypothesized to relate to the two underlying factors of agency and pathways. Adding the response values for pathway questions will provide a pathway score ranging from 2-12; higher scores reflect higher pathways thinking. Adding the response values for agency questions will provide an agency score ranging from 2-12; higher scores reflect higher agency thinking. Adding pathway and agency scores will provide an overall hope score (i.e., level of hope). Scores of 4-8 indicate no to very low hope, 9-12 indicate slightly hopeful, 13-16 indicate moderately hopeful, and 17-24 indicates highly hopeful.

Burnout is assessed in accordance with the School Burnout Inventory scale comprises nine uni dimensional items measuring the three dimensions: (1) exhaustion at school (e.g., I feel overwhelmed by my school work; I brood over matters related to my school work a lot during my free time); (2) disengagement or cynicism with regard to the meaning of school (e.g., I feel a lack of motivation in my school work and often think of giving up; I feel that I am losing interest in my school work), and (3) feelings of inadequacy at school (e.g., I often have feelings of inadequacy with regard to my school work). There were three items for each of the three dimensions, all of which were rated on a six-point scale (1 = strongly disagree; 6 = strongly agree). We calculated separate sum scores at each of the four time points for the three dimensions and the overall burnout.