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Completed

NCT Number: NCT04509934

The Effect of Connective Tissue Manipulation on General Health and Emotional Status in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea

The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of connective tissue manipulation (CTM) on pain severity, fatigue, sleep quality, general health status, systemic symptoms, anxiety and depression in women with primary dysmenorrhoea and to determine the effect of treatment time on recovery in a longterm period. Our primary outcome was intensity of menstrual pain. Secondary outcomes were intensity of sleep disturbance, fatigue, depression and anxiety status, general health and premenstrual symptoms.

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Key information

Conditions

Primary Dysmenorrhea Neurologic Manifestations Pain Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms

Age range

18 year–30 year

Sex eligibility

Female

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Pamukkale University

Denizli, 20000, Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of CTM on pain severity, fatigue, sleep quality, general health status, systemic symptoms, anxiety and depression in women with primary dysmenorrhoea and to determine the effect of treatment time on recovery in a longterm period. Our primary outcome was intensity of menstrual pain. Secondary outcomes were intensity of sleep disturbance, fatigue, depression and anxiety status, general health and premenstrual symptoms. The participants included to this study were randomised into two groups with simple randomisation method. CTM was performed to participants in both groups included the basic region (Sacral and lumbar), lower thoracic (between T12-T7) and anterior pelvic regions. In Group 1, starting at the end of the menstrual cycle, CTM was applied for 5 days a week and for 1 cycle (approximately 3 weeks) until the beginning of the next period. Participants in the Group 2 CTM was started with the completion of menstrual cycle, 5 days a week and until the other menstrual cycles. At the end of the menstrual cycle, it was restarted and a total of 2 cycles were applied until the second menstrual cycle started (approximately 6 weeks). Both short and long strokes were used during manipulation. Each stroke was repeated for three times first on the right and then on the left side of all manipulated regions. All sessions were ended with bilateral long strokes to the iliac crest and subcostal regions. The treatment was started from the basic region and proceeded to other regions according to the vascular reaction of the connective tissue. Each session lasted 5 to 20 minutes, depending on the size of the treated region. During manipulation, the pad of the middle finger was in contact with the patient's skin. The finger was placed on the skin at 45° angle with distal interphalangeal joint in flexion and moved to cause traction. During back treatment, the participant was asked to sit erect, with hips, knees, and ankles at 90° flexion and thighs and feet are fully supported. During the treatment of anterior pelvic region, the patient was in a supine position with pillows placed under the head and knees. Treatment was performed by a trained physiotherapist. The participants' intensity of pain, fatigue and sleep quality were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale. Depressive symptoms and anxiety status, general health and premenstrual symptoms were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, General Health Questionnaire and Premenstrual Syndrome Scale, respectively. All measurements were repeated 5 times; baseline, after the first menstruation following the intervention period, 3th, 6th and 12th months after treatment.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Being in a age range 18-30
  • Diagnosed with Primary Dysmenorrhea by a gynecologist
  • Having a regular menstrual cycle (28±7 days)
  • Being nulliparous
  • Having menstrual pain intensity above 5cm according to Visual Analog Scale

Exclusion criteria

  • Having gastrointestinal, urogynecologic, or psychiatric disease, other chronic pain syndromes
  • Having a positive pregnancy test
  • History of pelvic surgery
  • Usage of oral contraceptives or antidepressants for at least 3 months
  • Having irregular menstrual cycles (defined as lasting<21or>35 days)
  • Having a history or an ultrasonographic observation of pathological conditions indicating secondary dysmenorrhea

Treatment and study plan

Connective Tissue Manipulation

Other

The position of the patients during treatment sessions was sitting with the hips and knees at 90° flexion and feet supported, arms relaxed on the thighs, back naked and straight, allowing optimal tension of the connective tissue. The CTM procedure consisted of treating 3 sections in the back. These sections were basic (sacral and lumbar regions), lower thoracic (L1 through T7) and anterior pelvic. All sessions were ended with bilateral long strokes to the iliac crest and subcostal regions. The physiotherapist applied strokes bilaterally by her middle finger of the right or left hand to the defined zones of the mentioned sections in the back. The treatment started from the basic section, and progress to other regions was decided according to the vascular reaction of the connective tissue. Each session lasted for 5 to 20 minutes, depending on the extent of the treated area.

Primary outcomes

  1. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: baseline (first assessment) and 3th, 6th and 12th months after treatment

    Intensity of menstrual pain was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no pain" and "10" indicated "unbearable pain."

  2. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 3th month after treatment

    Intensity of menstrual pain was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no pain" and "10" indicated "unbearable pain."

  3. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 6th month after treatment

    Intensity of menstrual pain was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no pain" and "10" indicated "unbearable pain."

  4. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 12th month after treatment

    Intensity of menstrual pain was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no pain" and "10" indicated "unbearable pain."

Secondary outcomes

  1. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: baseline (first assessment)

    Intensity of sleep disturbance was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no sleep disturbance" and "10" indicated "unbearable disturbance."

  2. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 3th month after treatment

    Intensity of sleep disturbance was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no sleep disturbance" and "10" indicated "unbearable disturbance."

  3. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 6th month after treatment

    Intensity of sleep disturbance was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no sleep disturbance" and "10" indicated "unbearable disturbance."

  4. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 12th month after treatment

    Intensity of sleep disturbance was evaluated by a 0- to 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where "0" point indicated "no sleep disturbance" and "10" indicated "unbearable disturbance."

  5. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: baseline (first assessment)

    Fatigue status of the participants during dysmenorrhea was evaluated using a 10 cm VAS. Participants were asked to mark the severity of the fatigue they felt on the 10 cm line, which wrote an unbearable fatigue on one end and the other end no fatigue.

  6. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 3th month after treatment

    Fatigue status of the participants during dysmenorrhea was evaluated using a 10 cm VAS. Participants were asked to mark the severity of the fatigue they felt on the 10 cm line, which wrote an unbearable fatigue on one end and the other end no fatigue.

  7. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 6th month after treatment

    Fatigue status of the participants during dysmenorrhea was evaluated using a 10 cm VAS. Participants were asked to mark the severity of the fatigue they felt on the 10 cm line, which wrote an unbearable fatigue on one end and the other end no fatigue.

  8. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: 12th month after treatment

    Fatigue status of the participants during dysmenorrhea was evaluated using a 10 cm VAS. Participants were asked to mark the severity of the fatigue they felt on the 10 cm line, which wrote an unbearable fatigue on one end and the other end no fatigue.

  9. Beck Depression Inventory

    Time frame: baseline (first assessment)

    Beck Depression Inventory which is self-administrated questionnaire was used to determine depressive symptoms during the menstrual periods of the participants. The inventory includes 21 questions and is scored by adding the scores of each question, which are scored between 0 and 3. Lower scores indicate less depressive symptoms, while higher scores show more depressive symptoms

  10. Beck Depression Inventory

    Time frame: 3th month after treatment

    Beck Depression Inventory which is self-administrated questionnaire was used to determine depressive symptoms during the menstrual periods of the participants. The inventory includes 21 questions and is scored by adding the scores of each question, which are scored between 0 and 3. Lower scores indicate less depressive symptoms, while higher scores show more depressive symptoms

  11. Beck Depression Inventory

    Time frame: 6th month after treatment

    Beck Depression Inventory which is self-administrated questionnaire was used to determine depressive symptoms during the menstrual periods of the participants. The inventory includes 21 questions and is scored by adding the scores of each question, which are scored between 0 and 3. Lower scores indicate less depressive symptoms, while higher scores show more depressive symptoms

  12. Beck Depression Inventory

    Time frame: 12th month after treatment

    Beck Depression Inventory which is self-administrated questionnaire was used to determine depressive symptoms during the menstrual periods of the participants. The inventory includes 21 questions and is scored by adding the scores of each question, which are scored between 0 and 3. Lower scores indicate less depressive symptoms, while higher scores show more depressive symptoms

  13. Beck Anxiety Inventory

    Time frame: baseline (first assessment)

    Anxiety experienced by participants during menstrual periods was measured using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Each item is rated on a 4-point scale reflecting the degree to which each symptom disturbs participants; the answer options range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely, I could barely stand it). With higher scores indicating more severe anxiety.

  14. Beck Anxiety Inventory

    Time frame: 3th month after treatment

    Anxiety experienced by participants during menstrual periods was measured using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Each item is rated on a 4-point scale reflecting the degree to which each symptom disturbs participants; the answer options range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely, I could barely stand it). With higher scores indicating more severe anxiety.

  15. Beck Anxiety Inventory

    Time frame: 6th month after treatment

    Anxiety experienced by participants during menstrual periods was measured using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Each item is rated on a 4-point scale reflecting the degree to which each symptom disturbs participants; the answer options range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely, I could barely stand it). With higher scores indicating more severe anxiety.

  16. Beck Anxiety Inventory

    Time frame: 12th month after treatment

    Anxiety experienced by participants during menstrual periods was measured using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Each item is rated on a 4-point scale reflecting the degree to which each symptom disturbs participants; the answer options range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely, I could barely stand it). With higher scores indicating more severe anxiety.

  17. General Health Questionnaire

    Time frame: baseline (first assessment)

    General Health Questionnaire was used to determine the health status of the participants during their menstrual periods. A 28 item scaled version-assesses somatic symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Likert's numbering method (as 0, 1, 2, and 3) was utilized. It means that scores higher than 6 in subscales and totally higher than 22 indicates chronic symptoms.

  18. General Health Questionnaire

    Time frame: 3th month after treatment

    General Health Questionnaire was used to determine the health status of the participants during their menstrual periods. A 28 item scaled version-assesses somatic symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Likert's numbering method (as 0, 1, 2, and 3) was utilized. It means that scores higher than 6 in subscales and totally higher than 22 indicates chronic symptoms.

  19. General Health Questionnaire

    Time frame: 6th month after treatment

    General Health Questionnaire was used to determine the health status of the participants during their menstrual periods. A 28 item scaled version-assesses somatic symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Likert's numbering method (as 0, 1, 2, and 3) was utilized. It means that scores higher than 6 in subscales and totally higher than 22 indicates chronic symptoms.

  20. General Health Questionnaire

    Time frame: 12th month after treatment

    General Health Questionnaire was used to determine the health status of the participants during their menstrual periods. A 28 item scaled version-assesses somatic symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Likert's numbering method (as 0, 1, 2, and 3) was utilized. It means that scores higher than 6 in subscales and totally higher than 22 indicates chronic symptoms.

  21. Premenstrual Syndrome Scale

    Time frame: baseline (first assessment)

    Premenstrual Syndrome Scale was used to measure the severity of the participants' premenstrual symptoms. The lowest possible total score is 44 points and the highest is 220. High PMSS score indicates more severe premenstrual symptoms.

  22. Premenstrual Syndrome Scale

    Time frame: 3th month after treatment

    Premenstrual Syndrome Scale was used to measure the severity of the participants' premenstrual symptoms. The lowest possible total score is 44 points and the highest is 220. High PMSS score indicates more severe premenstrual symptoms.

  23. Premenstrual Syndrome Scale

    Time frame: 6th month after treatment

    Premenstrual Syndrome Scale was used to measure the severity of the participants' premenstrual symptoms. The lowest possible total score is 44 points and the highest is 220. High PMSS score indicates more severe premenstrual symptoms.

  24. Premenstrual Syndrome Scale

    Time frame: 12th month after treatment

    Premenstrual Syndrome Scale was used to measure the severity of the participants' premenstrual symptoms. The lowest possible total score is 44 points and the highest is 220. High PMSS score indicates more severe premenstrual symptoms.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa

Other

Collaborators

  • Pamukkale University

Registry information

Official study title

The Effect of Connective Tissue Manipulation on General Health and Emotional Status in Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea: Long-Term Follow-Up

Important dates

Study start
2018
Primary completion
2020
Study completion
2020
First posted
Aug 12, 2020
Registry last updated
Aug 12, 2020

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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