The Effect of Cold Exposure on Glucose Tolerance

Inclusion criteria

of healthy population:

• Signed informed consent.
• White European.
• Male.
• Age 18 - 40 years at the start of the study.
• BMI ≥ 20 and < 30 kg/m2.

Exclusion criteria

of healthy population:

• Smoking.
• Active diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus, liver, kidney, cancer or other).
• Cold-acclimated (takes daily cold baths, works in a refrigerated environment, or regular cold water swimmer).
• Unstable body weight (gain or loss > 5kg in last 3 months).
• Currently undertaking a diet.

Inclusion criteria

of prediabetes population:

• Signed informed consent.
• White European.
• Male or female.
• Women should be postmenopausal or use hormonal contraceptives.
• Age 30 - 75 years at the start of the study.
• BMI ≥ 25 and < 35 kg/m2.
• Generally healthy, no medication use that interferes with metabolism. If volunteers need medication (e.g. statin drugs, NSAIDs), it will be reviewed with the dependent physician on an individual basis.
• Impaired fasting glucose (5.6 mM to 6.9 mM) and/or blood glucose values 7.8-11.0 mM 2h after glucose drink consumption during OGTT in screening.

Exclusion criteria

of prediabetes population:

• Smoking.
• Active diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus, liver, kidney, cancer or other).
• Cold-acclimated (takes daily cold baths, works in a refrigerated environment, or regular cold water swimmer).
• Unstable body weight (gain or loss > 5kg in last 3 months).
• Currently undertaking a diet.