The Effect of Attention Distraction on the Adherence to Exercise, in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients.

Exercise Adherence Rating Scale in Greek (EARS-GR).

The Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS) is a questionnaire used to assess how well individuals adhere to prescribed exercise programs. It utilizes a 5-point Likert scale for each item, with higher scores indicating better adherence. The total score ranges from 0 to 24, with higher scores representing greater adherence.

Measured through app recorded metrics, including number of sessions (number)

Measured through app recorded metrics, including duration per session (minutes)

Measured through app recorded metrics including frequency of use per week (minutes)

Measured through app recorded metrics, including number of questions answered

Measured through app recorded metrics, including total active time (minutes).

Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).

The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) is a widely used tool for assessing pain intensity, typically ranging from 0 to 10. In this scale, 0 represents no pain, and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable. Patients are asked to verbally select a number that best reflects their pain level.

Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21).

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21) is scored by summing the responses to each of the three subscales: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Each subscale contains 7 items, and each item is scored on a scale of 0 to 3. The raw scores for each subscale are then multiplied by 2 to get the final score for each domain, which can range from 0 to 42.

Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is scored out of a total of 50 points, with each of the 10 sections having a maximum score of 5. To calculate the ODI score, sum the scores for each section, divide by the total possible score (50), and multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage.

Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS).

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item questionnaire used to assess pain catastrophizing, with higher scores indicating greater levels of catastrophizing. Scores range from 0 to 52, and a score above 30 is considered clinically significant. The PCS also has three subscales: rumination, magnification, and helplessness.

Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI).

The CSI, or Central Sensitization Inventory, is a questionnaire used to assess the severity of Central Sensitization Syndrome (CSS). It consists of 25 questions (Part A) scored on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. Part B is not used for scoring but provides additional clinical information. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with different ranges corresponding to different severity levels: subclinical (0-29), mild (30-39), moderate (40-49), severe (50-59), and extreme (60-100).

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK).

The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a questionnaire used to assess fear of movement or re-injury, often related to chronic pain conditions. Scoring involves summing the responses to each item, with higher scores indicating greater kinesiophobia. The original TSK has 17 items, while a shorter version, TSK-11, has 11 items. The TSK-11 is more commonly used due to its reduced administration time and similar psychometric properties.

12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12)

The SF-12v2 scoring provides a Physical Component Summary (PCS) and a Mental Component Summary (MCS) score, both with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 in the US general population. Higher scores indicate better health on both scales. These scores are derived from the 12 individual items, which are scored and then transformed using regression weights to generate the PCS and MCS scores.

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).The patients will be categorized based on their level of physical activity, and accordingly, they will be assigned different exercise programs. Depending on their activity level, patients will perform exercises with a corresponding number of repetitions, weekly frequency, and intensity.

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) scoring involves calculating Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) minutes per week to assess physical activity levels. The IPAQ scoring protocol provides guidelines for data processing and analysis, including recommendations for data cleaning. There are two main ways to express the results: as a continuous variable (MET-minutes per week) or categorized into low, moderate, or high activity levels. Investigate whether baseline physical activity level influences outcomes

Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire - General Health (WPAI-GH Greek).

The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire - General Health (WPAI:GH) is a tool used to assess the impact of general health problems on work and daily activities over the past seven days. It consists of six questions that evaluate employment status, hours missed from work due to health problems, hours missed for other reasons, hours actually worked, and the degree to which health problems affected productivity while working and during regular daily activities. The last two questions are scored on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no effect and 10 indicating complete impairment.

Modified-Modified Schober Test.

The modified-modified Schober test (MMST) is a clinical assessment used to measure lumbar flexion range of motion. It involves marking two points on the back and measuring the distance between them while the patient bends forward, helping to quantify and track lumbar spine flexibility.

Modified Biering-Sorensen Test.

It shows that maintaining the Biering-Sorenson position for less than 176 seconds, predicts low back pain within the next year and greater than 198 seconds predicts absence of low back pain. It also reported that Biering-Sorenson test does not have a ceiling effect.

Kinovea software for gait assessment.

The following parameter will be assessed using Kinovea software: step length (cm).

Kinovea software for gait assessment. The following parameter will be assessed using Kinovea software: stride length (cm).

Kinovea software for gait assessment. The following parameter will be assessed using Kinovea software: knee range of motion (degrees).

Kinovea software for gait assessment. The following parameter will be assessed using Kinovea software: ankle angle (degrees).

Kinovea software for gait assessment. The following parameter will be assessed using Kinovea software: knee angle (degrees).

Kinovea software for gait assessment. The following parameter will be assessed using Kinovea software: pelvic tilt (degrees).

Kinovea software for gait assessment. The following parameter will be assessed using Kinovea software: base of support (cm).