The Effect of a Combined Lifestyle Intervention for Patients With Cancer on Quality of Life

Summary score of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). This questionnaire consists of five functioning scales (physical, emotional, role, cognitive and social functioning), three symptom scales (fatigue, nausea & vomiting) and six single items (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, and financial difficulties). The EORTC QLQ-C30 summary score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health-related quality of life. This summary score is calculated as the mean of all scale scores (excluding global QoL and financial difficulties).

Separate functioning and symptom scales of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). This questionnaire consists of five functioning scales (physical, emotional, role, cognitive and social functioning), three symptom scales (fatigue, nausea & vomiting, and pain) and six single items (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, and financial difficulties). All scale and item scores range from 0 to 100. Higher scores on the summary score and function scales indicate a better quality of life. Higher scores on the symptom scales mean more symptoms.

Assessed with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). The MFI is a 20-item questionnaire assessing five dimensions of fatigue: general, physical and mental fatigue, reduced activity, and reduced motivation. Each dimension has 4 items, and each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 to 5).The resulting scale scores for each dimension range from 4 to 20. Higher scores indicate higher levels of fatigue.

Assessed with the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). The SHI is a questionnaire consisting of 12 items that assess sleep-related behaviors. The total score is the sum of all item responses, ranging from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating worse sleep hygiene.

Assessed with the 17-item Positive Health measurement tool, based on the Positive Health dialogue tool, which is widely used in the Netherlands. This tool measures six factors: physical fitness, mental functions, future perspectives, contentment, social relations, and health management. Items are scored on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (totally disagree) to 10 (totally agree). For each factor, an average score can be calculated, with higher scores indicating better perceived Positive Health within that factor.

Height (in centimeters) will be measured in light clothing without shoes using standardized procedures described in study SOPs.

Weight (in kilograms) measured in light clothing without shoes using standardized procedures described in study SOPS

Waist circumference (in centimeters) will be measured in light clothing without shoes using standardized procedures described in study SOPs.

To assess body composition (fat mass and fat free mass), a whole body bio impedance analysis will be performed at baseline and 6 months follow-up. Patients are measured in a lying position. Raw (i.e., reactance, resistance, and phase angle) or summary (fat (free) mass in kg) bioimpedance data are registered and for raw data estimates fat mass and fat-free mass are obtained using the Kyle equation.

Assessed by the Short QUestionnaire to ASsess Health-enhancing physical activity (SQUASH). This questionnaire contains questions on commuting activities, leisure-time and sports activities, household activities, and activities at work. For each activity, participants report the number of days per week, the average duration per day (in minutes), and the perceived intensity (light, moderate, or vigorous). The outcomes are expressed in minutes of physical activity per week. Higher scores indicate a higher level of physical activity.

Assessed by the ActivPAL activity tracker (PAL technologies). The is small device, which has shown to reliable measure and distinguish between sitting time, standing time and stepping time.

Dietary related to cancer risk will be assessed: intake of fruit and vegetables, red and processed meat, and alcohol. These will be measured using items adapted from the Gezondheidsenquête CBS 2023 questionnaire, which is based on the Richtlijnen Goede Voeding 2015. Additionally, the use of nutritional supplements will be assessed.

Pack years (smoking duration * amount of cigartettes) will be assessed with a self-developed questionnaire.

Smoking status (yes/no) will be assessed with a self-developed questionnaire.

The EuroQol 5-Dimensions 5-Levels (EQ-5D-5L) is used to measure health in five dimensions, including mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, using 5 levels of severity. The patients' EQ-5D-5L health states are converted into utility values using the Dutch tariff, after which they are used to calculate quality adjusted life years (QALYs).

Assessed by a modified version of the iMTA Medical Cost Questionnaire (iMCQ)

Assesed by the Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ)

Assessed by the iMTA Valuation of Informal Care Questionnaire (iVCQ)

General health literacy will be measured with the Dutch Short Health Literacy Scale (HLS-EU-Q16). This questionnaire consists of three subscales: health care, disease prevention and health promotion. The B1-level translated Dutch version will be used. It consists of 16 items, each rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very difficult) to 4 (very easy). Responses are dichotomized (1-2 = 0, 3-4 = 1) and summed into a total score ranging from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating higher perceived health literacy.