The Application of an AI-driven Multimodal Predictive Model for Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Inclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
• Aged 40-75 years, with self-reported or informant-reported memory complaints.
• Cognitive assessment scores consistent with either:

• Cognitive Normal (CN) or
• Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
• Preserved ability to perform basic activities of daily living (ADLs).
• Memory-specific deficits only (e.g., partial forgetfulness), with intact other cognitive domains (e.g., reasoning, judgment, attention, and executive function).

Exclusion criteria

• Other types of diabetes (e.g., type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes).
• Education level <6 years.
• Metabolic disorders that may affect cognition, including:

• Acute carbohydrate metabolism events within 3 months (e.g., severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state).
• Hypothyroidism or other endocrine disorders.
• Neurological/psychiatric conditions that may impair cognition:

• History of head trauma, depression, anxiety, delirium, severe pulmonary/renal disease, heart failure, or malignancy.
• Substance abuse (past 2 years), including nicotine/alcohol dependence.
• Recent medication use (within 1 month):

• Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, antiepileptics, sedatives/hypnotics.
• Cognitive-enhancing drugs (e.g., donepezil, memantine).
• Inability to complete AI screening or follow-up due to:

• Speech/hearing/visual impairments or other disabilities