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Completed

NCT Number: NCT02253628

The Acute Effect of Coffee Consumption on Stomach, Self-reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Stress.

This study investigated the acute effect of the consumption of four different kinds of coffee (hot and cold instant coffee, cold espresso and hot filter coffee) with the same caffeine content on salivary gastrin, cortisol and alpha-amylase concentrations, on self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms and on psychometric assessments in healthy individuals.

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Key information

Conditions

Stress Blood Pressure Increased Secretion of Gastrin Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms, Digestive

Age range

20 year–55 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

About this study

Coffee consumption is very common in Greece. Many of the consumers support that certain types of coffee and especially instant coffee cause gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy individuals. Up to now, few studies have investigated the relationship between coffee consumption, gastrointestinal symptoms and stress in healthy individuals with conflicting results.Coffee consumption is related with increased gastric acid and gastrin secretion, however it does not seem to affect stomach or stomach walls. Stress, which characterizes modern lifestyle, also is found to increase gastric acid and gastrin secretion and seems to be exclusively responsible for gastrointestinal symptoms.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Stable body weight for at least 1 month prior to study enrollment.

Exclusion criteria

  • If one volunteer consumed breakfast more than three days a week, their daily caffeine intake was over 500 mg caffeine, was taking medication, their psychological state was strongly influenced by some exogenous factor (e.g. moving to a new house, new job, divorce e.t.c.), was on hypocaloric diet for weight loss, was smoking more than five cigarettes a day, was an athlete with very vigorous physical activity (> 4 hours vigorous exercise a day), had a history of gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, ulcers e.t.c.), depression, diabetes, kidney disease, hypertension, blood disorders, liver disease, unregulated hyper - or hypothyroidism, arrhythmia, heart disease, cancer, vascular disease, recent surgery, or severe psychiatric disorders was automatically excluded from the study.

Treatment and study plan

Cold espresso

Other

Volunteers consumed cold espresso with 160 mg caffeine. Salivary gastrin, alpha-amylase and cortisol and self-reported GI symptoms and stress were collected at fasting and postprandially.

Other names: Buondi prestige

Hot instant coffee

Other

Volunteers consumed hot instant coffee with 160 mg caffeine. Salivary gastrin, alpha-amylase and cortisol and self-reported GI symptoms and stress were collected at fasting and postprandially.

Other names: Nescafé Classic

Cold instant coffee

Other

Volunteers consumed cold instant coffee with 160 mg caffeine. Salivary gastrin, alpha-amylase and cortisol and self-reported GI symptoms and stress were collected at fasting and postprandially.

Other names: Nescafé Classic

Hot filter coffee

Other

Volunteers consumed hot filter coffee with 160 mg caffeine. Salivary gastrin, alpha-amylase and cortisol and self-reported GI symptoms and stress were collected at fasting and postprandially.

Other names: Nestlé Professional Plantage Filter Coffee

Primary outcomes

  1. Salivary gastrin and self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms

    Time frame: 4 weeks

    The volunteers visited the lab after an 8-hour fasting. Saliva samples were taken at fasting for the determination of fasting salivary gastrin. After the consumption of coffee, saliva samples were taken at 15, 30, 60' for the determination of gastrin. Saliva samples were collected by the method "Salivette". Saliva was carried out by chewing a swab for about 1 minute. Then, the swab was returned to the Salivette and the container was centrifuged and saliva sample was obtained. The samples were stored at - 20 degrees of Celsius. Gastrin was determined by an immunoenzymatic method. In order to record the effects of coffee consumption on gastrointestinal symptoms, the participants completed a visual analogue scale every time saliva samples were collected (time 0', 15', 30', 60', 120', 180'). The visual analogue scale (1 = not at all to 10 = very) included 12 questions about gastrointestinal symptoms.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Blood pressure, energy intake and physical activity

    Time frame: 4 weeks

    The aim was to investigate if blood pressure, energy intake and physical activity changed during the intervention. Blood pressure was measured three times in a sitting position after 15 minutes of rest by a mercury sphygmomanometer at the beginning and ending of each trial respectively. There was a 2-minute interval between measurements. Then, the average blood pressure measurements were calculated. Dietary intake was analyzed by Diet Analysis Plus (version 6.1). The database was extensively modified to include new foods and recipes. Physical activity was estimated by using metabolic equivalents of different activities performed by the volunteers the previous 7 days. Then, mean daily energy expenditure was estimated.

  2. Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase

    Time frame: 4 weeks

    The volunteers visited the lab after an 8-hour fasting. Saliva samples were taken at fasting for the determination of fasting salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase. After the consumption of coffee, saliva samples were taken at 15, 30, 60' for the determination of alpha-amylase and at 60, 120, 180' for cortisol determination.Saliva samples were collected by the method "Salivette". Saliva was carried out by chewing a swab for about 1 minute. Then, the swab was returned to the Salivette and the container was centrifuged and saliva sample was obtained. The samples were stored at - 20 degrees of Celsius. Cortisol was determined by an immunoenzymatic method. Alpha-amylase was determined by a kinetic enzyme assay kit.

  3. Self-reported sentiments, mood and stress.

    Time frame: 4 weeks

    In order to record the effects of coffee consumption on stress and on sentiments and mood the participants completed the Zung self-assessment anxiety scale and a visual analogue scale every time saliva samples were collected (time 0', 15', 30', 60', 120', 180'). The Zung self-assessment anxiety scale included 20 questions, which were designed to assess how the volunteers felt the moment completing the questionnaire. The visual analogue scale (1 = not at all to 10 = very) included 17 questions about stress, sentiments and mood.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Agricultural University of Athens

Other

Collaborators

  • Société des Produits Nestlé (SPN)

Registry information

Official study title

The Acute Effect of Coffee Consumption on Salivary Gastrin, Alpha-amylase and Cortisol Concentrations, on Self-reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, on Self-reported Psychometric Assessments and on Blood Pressure.

Important dates

Study start
2014
Primary completion
2014
Study completion
2014
First posted
Oct 1, 2014
Registry last updated
Oct 1, 2014

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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