Tfh Dysfunction in HIV and Aging

Inclusion criteria

• For HIV positive participants:

• HIV infection, as documented by any licensed ELISA test kit. Participants on ART as a result of prior HIV documented infection will not be required to provide proof of diagnosis of HIV infection.
• Additional criteria for HIV positive

• on ART for at least 1 year. Occasional viral blips up to 1000 copies/ml also acceptable provided the patients are on continuing treatment,
• Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count available in the prior 6 months and >200/mm3
• Undetectable viral load (< 40 copies/mL). Blips of <1000 copies/mL will be allowed.
• For HIV negative participants:

• Documented negative HIV test at the time of study entry, either by any licensed ELISA.
• For all participants:

• Individuals age: ≤35 years and ≥65 years.
• No history of other immunodeficiency disorders
• Not on steroid or other immunosuppressive/immunomodulators medications.
• No active malignancies.
• Agreeable to receive both regular standard (STD-TIV) and high dose (HD-TIV) influenza vaccination.
• Agreeable to participate in study for a complete course of study full visits including 2 consecutive flu seasons.
• Able to provide informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Contraindication to receive influenza vaccination.
• Non-adherence to ART for HIV positive
• Unable to provide informed consent.
• Influenza vaccination already given during the current vaccination season.
• Known drug abuse including cocaine by history