Text Messaging Intervention on Happy Family Meal for Improving Family Communication and Well-being in Hong Kong Adults

Background:

Family meals are a cornerstone of family communication and well-being. Studies have shown that the benefits of quality family meals include not only nutritional intake but also improved family well-being (family health, happiness, harmony, i.e., the family 3Hs), with family communication quality playing a pivotal role. Urban lifestyles limit opportunities for family communication and gatherings, which are crucial to family bonding. Surveys have shown that Chinese individuals rarely heed their parents' advice on important matters and lack knowledge on positive family communication.

Information communication technologies (ICTs) diversify modes of family communication and offer intriguing opportunities to promote family communication and well-being. Leveraging ICTs in brief behavioral interventions can be impactful in influencing decision-making. Text messaging interventions have shown promise in smoking cessation, weight management, and medication adherence. Text messaging via SMS can provide practical suggestions for positive family communication and encourage participation in family meals with tailored messages specific to challenges faced by Hong Kong families, such as time constraints and conflicting schedules. Evidence from similar ICT-based interventions supports the potential effectiveness of text messaging in promoting family meals as a ubiquitous and easy-to-use medium. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) by Patrick et al. showed that text message reminders significantly improved dietary habits and meal planning among participants. A study by Fulkerson et al. showed that a web-based intervention for family meals led to increased family meal frequency and improved dietary outcomes.

Happy Family Kitchen (HFK I), Happy Family Kitchen II (HFK II), and Happy Family Kitchen Movement (HFKM) were community-based interventions under The FAMILY Project, which highlighted the effectiveness of face-to-face cooking and dining activities in improving family communication and well-being. As part of The Jockey Club SMART Family-Link Project, the investigators aim to digitalize the Happy Family Kitchen initiative with the framework of five positive psychology themes: joy, gratitude, flow, savoring, and listening, providing a cost-effective and scalable approach. This trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a text messaging intervention on happy family meals for improving family communication and well-being in Hong Kong adults.

Hypothesis:

Higher scores in the family communication scale and family well-being for participants in the intervention group than the waitlist control group at three-month post-intervention.

Study Design:

This study is a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of a text messaging intervention on promoting happy family meals to improve family communication and well-being among Hong Kong adults.

Randomization and Blinding:

Participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the waitlist control group in a 1:1 ratio using computer-generated random numbers. The randomization will be stratified based on the Chinese Version of the Weight-Related Eating Questionnaire - Emotional Eating subscale (WREQ-EE) and four types of family roles:

• Children of the family aged 18 or above (whether living with parents or not, no children).
• Parents with children of the family under 18 years old.
• Parents with children of the family aged 18 or above (unmarried or living with parents).
• Parents with children of the family aged 18 or above (married or living independently).

The allocation concealment will be maintained by the researchers involved in recruitment and implementation, who will generate the list of participants completing the baseline questionnaire for randomization. Blinding will be applied to the data analysts and the participants.

Intervention Group:

Participants and their eligible family members in the intervention group will receive a digital booklet via MMS and daily text messages related to happy family meals via SMS for two weeks. The content of these messages will be based on five positive psychology themes: joy, gratitude, flow, savoring, and listening, adapted from the Happy Family Kitchen II project. Participants in the intervention group will receive notifications prompting them to join two family-based activities, adapted from the Happy Family Kitchen II project, as boosters at one-month and three-month after they receive the daily SMS, respectively.

Control Group:

Participants in the waitlist control group will not receive the intervention immediately but will be offered the same digital booklet, 14-day SMS intervention and two family-based activities boosters at three months post-intervention.

Inclusion criteria

• are Hong Kong adults aged 18+ years who have at least one parent or children (aged 18+ years) other than their spouse in the family,
• can read Chinese,
• have access to SMS/MMS platform, and
• give informed consent (team leaders only).