Testing the Pain Clinical Practice Guideline

Pain is a common symptom among older adults in nursing home settings affecting 30% to 80% of residents living with dementia. Pain is not assessed, the underlying cause is not identified and treatment is not initiated for a large percentage of residents living with dementia in nursing homes. Lack of accurate pain evaluation results in untreated or over-treated pain. Untreated or over-treated pain can lower quality of life, negatively impact function, impair sleep, and increase behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia. Reasons for lack of pain assessment, diagnosis and management for residents living with dementia include lack of knowledge among staff on how to evaluate and treat pain, limited options for complete pain relief, concerns related to use of opioids, and beliefs that pain is a normal part of aging among others.

For those with moderate to severe dementia verbal reporting of pain may not be reliable and observational approaches are recommended. Pain in individuals living with dementia is more likely to present with aggression, agitation, repetitive vocalizations, restlessness, sleep disturbances, withdrawal, and apathy and may be incorrectly treated with psychotropic medications. Evaluation and management of pain is also complicated by differences between sex/gender, racial and ethnic groups. In some studies individuals living with dementia who were older, male, or Black were less likely to verbally report having pain or to be treated for pain compared to those who were younger, female, or white. With regard to treatment, there is some evidence that nonpharmacological treatments and analgesics can decrease pain among individuals living with dementia. Engaging individuals, particularly those living with dementia, in interventions to manage pain such as physical activity or positioning can be difficult and staff need education and techniques to use to motivate residents in these activities.

Evidence based pain assessment, diagnosis and management approaches for nursing home residents, including residents living with dementia, were recently incorporated into a new Pain Management Clinical Practice Guideline (Pain CPG). Translation of Clinical Practice Guidelines or evidence based practices into real world settings are slow to occur and innovative approaches are needed. In prior work to facilitate translation of best practices the investigators developed a successful theoretically based approach that utilized the Social Ecological Model and Social Cognitive Theory and was guided by the Evidence Integration Triangle. Using this theoretically based approach there was a change in staff and resident behavior related to increasing residents' physical activity using a function focused care approach and increased use of nonpharmacological approaches to address behavioral symptoms associated with dementia. The purpose of this study is to utilize the previously established theoretically based approach to translate use of the new Pain Management CPG into nursing home settings and improve the assessment, diagnosis and management of pain among residents living with dementia. The theoretically based approach combined with the Pain Management CPG is referred to as the PAIN-CPG-EIT. The PAIN-CPG-EIT is initiated by a research nurse facilitator who works with community champions and a stakeholder team for 12 months to provide four components: Component I: Establishing and meeting monthly with a stakeholder team and champion(s) to establish community goals related to pain and review the Pain Management CPG; Component II: Education of the staff about assessment, diagnosis and management of pain of residents living with dementia based on the Pain Management CPG; Component III: Mentoring and motivating staff to assess, diagnose and manage pain; and Component IV: Ongoing monitoring of pain assessment, diagnosis and management and feedback to the stakeholder team. Twelve communities will be randomized to treatment (PAIN-CPG-EIT) or Education Only (EO) and 25 residents living with dementia and pain will be recruited per community. The first aim of this study is to: Test the effectiveness of use of the PAIN-CPG-EIT to improve the assessment, diagnosis and management of pain and decrease pain intensity among nursing home residents living with dementia. The second aim is to evaluate treatment fidelity related to use of the PAIN-CPG-EIT based on delivery, receipt and enactment. The third aim is to: a. test for gender/sex and race invariance in pain measurement based on the Pain in Alzheimer's Disease (PAIN-AD) measure; and b. test for differences in treatment of pain and response to treatment between male and female and Black versus White residents living with dementia. Findings will help to improve the assessment, diagnosis and management of pain and evaluate health disparities and equity among older adults living with dementia experiencing pain. Demonstrating effectiveness of this approach to using the Pain Management CPG will facilitate future work disseminating and implementing this CPG.

Inclusion criteria

• Living in a participating community
• 60 years of age or older
• Evidence of dementia based on a score of 0-12 on the Brief Interview of Mental Status (BIMS); a score of >2 on the AD8 Dementia Screening Interview; a score of 0.5 to 2.0 on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR); and lastly to differentiate between dementia and mild cognitive impairment a score of 9 or greater on the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ).
• have evidence of pain at the time of recruitment based on the Minimum Data set assessment item: How much of the time over the past 5 days have you experienced pain or hurting with eligibility based on the following responses or evidence: occasionally, frequently or almost constantly, or staff report of pain at the same frequency; or if the resident is receiving nonpharmacological or pharmacological treatment for pain.

Exclusion criteria

• admitted to the nursing home for short-stay rehabilitation or other subacute needs (e.g., intravenous antibiotics);
• receiving Hospice care.