Telehealth Mindfulness After Spine Surgery

Proportion of participants approached who are eligible and enroll in the study

Proportion of participants who complete the study (6 month assessment)

Average percentage of sessions attended

Proportion of participants reporting overall satisfaction levels greater than or equal to 7 out of 10

Average days practiced out of days assigned practice (MBI group only)

One item assessing how bothersome pain has been in the past 7 days from 0 = not at all to 4 = extremely. A lower scores indicates lower pain bothersomeness.

Pain Interference short-form 8a from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scale. Measures interference of pain over the past 7 days. Consists of 8 items with response options from 1 = not at all to 5 = very much. A lower score indicates lower pain interference, or a better outcome.

1 item from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), with average pain intensity over the past 7 days rated on 0-10 scale with lower values indicating less pain, or better outcome.

2 items assessing back and leg pain intensity on a scale of 0-10 over the past 7 days, described as pain when off medication or medication has worn off. Lower scores indicate less pain, or better outcome.

Measured as average number of opioid pills per day (name and dose specified) and converted to morphine equivalent dose.

Opioid medication prescription from patient's electronic medical record to cross-reference self-reported opioid medication use

Anxiety short-form 4a - Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. 4 items assessing anxiety symptoms in the past 7 days (e.g. "I felt fearful") with response options from 1 = never to 5 = always. Lower scores represent lower anxiety, a better outcome

Depression short-form 4a - Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scale. 4 items assessing depressive symptoms over the past 7 days (e.g. "I felt worthless) with response options from 1 = never to 5 = always. A lower score indicates less depression, a better outcome.

Sleep disturbance short-form 4a - Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scale. 4 items assessing sleep disturbance over the past 7 days (e.g. "I had difficulty falling asleep) with response options from 1 = not at all to 5 = very much (1 item reverse-scored). A lower score indicates less sleep disturbance, a better outcome.

Assesses impact of pain on level of functioning in 10 areas (e.g. walking, sleep, social life) with 10 items with response options with scores 0 to 5. Lower scores indicate lower level of disability due to pain, a better outcome.

13 items assessing thoughts and feelings when in pain (e.g. "I become afraid that the pain will get worse" with response options ranging from 0 = never to 4 = all the time. Lower scores indicate lower pain catastrophizing, a better outcome.

10 items assessing confidence in ability to do certain things despite pain (e.g. "I can enjoy things, despite the pain" with response options 0 = not at all to 6 = completely. Higher scores indicate greater pain self-efficacy, a better outcome.

4 items assessing perceived level of stress in the past month (e.g. "In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?"), with response options ranging from 0 = never to 4 = very often (2 items reverse-scored). Lower scores indicate lower perceived stress, a better outcome.

13 items assessing fear of movement (e.g. "I'm afraid that I might injure myself if I exercise" with response options ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree. Lower scores indicate lower levels of kinesiophobia, a better outcome.

15 items assessing 5 facets of mindfulness, including observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience. Response options range from 1 = never to 5 = always (7 items reverse scored). Higher scores indicate higher levels of mindfulness, a better outcome.

Using an ischemic task involving squeezing a dynamometer followed by inflated blood pressure cuff on arm, the point at which the stimulus (inflated blood pressure cuff) can no longer be tolerated by the participant.

Using an ischemic task involving squeezing a dynamometer followed by inflated blood pressure cuff on arm, the point at which the stimulus (inflated blood pressure cuff) is first experienced as painful by the participant.

Using a punctate stimuli (von frey hairs of 100g and 180g of force to the finger), the reported highest pain intensity on a scale of 0 to 100 during repeated brief stimuli at a constant intensity

Physical Function short-form 4a - Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. 4 items assessing physical function in the past 7 days (e.g. "Are you able to do chores such as vacuuming or yard work?") with response options from 1 = Unable to do to 5 = Without any difficulty. Higher scores represent better physical function, a better outcome