TEAS for Variceal Bleeding Endoscopy in Cirrhosis

• Background and Rationale:

Acute esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) in cirrhotic patients is a life-threatening emergency requiring urgent endoscopic intervention. Emergency endoscopy in unsedated patients is associated with significant discomfort, poor tolerance, hemodynamic fluctuations, and compromised procedural success. Safe, non-pharmacologic adjuncts to improve tolerance are needed. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) is a non-invasive modality that may reduce discomfort and stabilize physiological parameters. This trial evaluates whether TEAS improves procedural success and patient tolerance in this high-risk population.

• Study Design and Methodology:

This is a prospective, randomized, single-center, three-arm, parallel-group controlled trial. Cirrhotic patients with suspected variceal bleeding requiring urgent endoscopy are randomized 1:1:1 to active TEAS, sham TEAS, or control. Randomization is stratified by prior gastroscopy history with a block size of 6. Allocation is concealed using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes.

• Active TEAS Group: Receives TEAS at bilateral LI4, PC6, ST36, and SP4 using a Hwato SDZ-III stimulator (dense-disperse wave, 2/20 Hz, intensity set to maximum tolerance). Stimulation begins 30 minutes before endoscopy and continues until 15 minutes after the procedure.
• Sham TEAS Group: Identical electrode placement but no electrical current; device appears active to maintain blinding.
• Control Group: Standard endoscopy without electrodes.

All patients receive topical pharyngeal anesthesia (dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage) and standardized medical management including fluid resuscitation, vasoactive drugs, and antibiotics as indicated. Endoscopic procedures are performed by experienced endoscopists blinded to group assignment using Olympus GIF-Q260J endoscopes. Variceal bleeding is managed per standard of care (band ligation, sclerotherapy, or tissue glue injection).

• Primary Focus:

The study primarily investigates whether active TEAS, compared to sham or standard care:

• Improves procedural success (composite of technical adequacy and patient satisfaction)
• Reduces patient discomfort (assessed by visual analogue scale)

• Secondary Objectives:

• Shorten procedure time for diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy
• Improve immediate hemostasis success and reduce 7-day rebleeding
• Enhance hemodynamic stability (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate)
• Attenuate hemoglobin decline post-procedure
• Increase patient willingness for repeat endoscopy
• Improve endoscopist-rated procedural ease
• Shorten hospitalization duration

• Safety Monitoring: Adverse events related to TEAS (e.g., local skin irritation, pain at electrode sites) and the endoscopic procedure are recorded and managed per protocol.

• Scientific Justification: The selected acupoints (LI4, PC6, ST36, SP4) have established roles in analgesia, gastrointestinal motility regulation, anti-emesis, and hemodynamic stabilization. The sham-controlled design isolates specific effects of electrical neuromodulation from placebo. This trial addresses a significant gap in optimizing urgent endoscopy for variceal bleeding using a non-pharmacologic adjunct.

• Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 18-80 years with suspected or confirmed esophagogastric variceal bleeding
• Confirmed cirrhosis (any etiology/Child-Pugh class)
• Scheduled for urgent endoscopy as soon as possible following hemodynamic stabilization
• Ability to provide written informed consent (directly or through legally authorized representative)

• Exclusion Criteria:

• Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ Grade II
• Cognitive impairment or severe anxiety disorders preventing valid assessment
• Hemodynamic instability post-resuscitation (systolic BP <90 mmHg)
• Skin lesions at acupoint sites
• Presence of electrical implants (e.g., pacemakers)
• Allergies to TEAS electrodes or emergency medications
• Pregnancy or lactation
• History of long-term opioid use (>3 months)
• Inability to provide informed consent
• Prior TEAS or acupuncture experience (to maintain blinding integrity)
• Participation in another interventional trial within 30 days

• Dropout Criteria:

• Severe adverse events requiring immediate termination (anaphylaxis, hemodynamic collapse, oxygen desaturation <85%)
• Life-threatening complications during endoscopy (esophageal perforation, cardiac arrest)
• Inability to complete full esophagogastroduodenoscopy due to patient intolerance or technical failure
• Voluntary withdrawal by participant or legal representative