Tailored Brain Health Insights Through Nurturing Knowledge-based Change - Stakeholder-driven, Human-centered, AI-powered Refinement for Prevention

To evaluate whether the AI-powered Brain Health Coach, BLAZE, improves BCS in community-dwelling adults versus usual care.

A self-reported questionnaire assessing dietary habits aligned with brain health recommendations. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating healthier dietary behaviours. Improvement in score reflects adoption of healthier eating patterns across domains targeted by the intervention.

A standardised measure of health-related quality of life assessing five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension is rated on a scale of 1 (no problems) to 5 (extreme problems/unable to perform), generating a health utility index score where higher values indicate better health-related quality of life. Participants also rate their overall health on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from 0 (worst imaginable health) to 100 (best imaginable health).

A self-reported measure assessing the ability to perform complex daily tasks such as managing finances, using transportation, preparing meals, and using the telephone. Scores range from 0 to 8, with higher scores indicating greater functional independence. This measure monitors maintenance of functional independence in community-dwelling adults over the course of the study.

A measure assessing independence in six basic daily activities: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding. Each activity is scored as independent (1) or dependent (0), yielding a total score of 0 to 6, where higher scores indicate greater independence. This measure monitors for any unexpected decline in basic functional independence during the study period.

A 3-item self-reported measure assessing subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Each item is rated on a scale of 1 (hardly ever) to 3 (often), with total scores ranging from 3 to 9. Higher scores indicate greater loneliness. A reduction in score reflects improved social connectedness targeted through the intervention's social engagement recommendations.

A single-item measure asking participants to rate their overall health on a scale of 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor), or alternatively using a 5-point scale from poor to excellent depending on the version used. Higher scores on the favourable end of the scale indicate better perceived health status. This measure captures overall perceived wellbeing as a downstream indicator of sustained lifestyle behaviour change.

A 6-item self-reported measure assessing the size and frequency of a participant's social network, including family and friend contacts. Scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating stronger social networks. A score below 12 is considered indicative of social isolation risk. Improvement in score reflects strengthened social connections targeted through the intervention's social health domain recommendations.

An objective performance-based measure of lower body strength and physical function. Participants are timed completing five sit-to-stand repetitions from a chair without using their arms. Faster completion times indicate better lower body strength and physical function. Improvement in performance reflects increased physical activity and strength targeted through the intervention's physical health recommendations.

An objective measure of overall muscular strength assessed using a handheld dynamometer. Results are recorded in kilograms, with higher values indicating greater muscular strength. Improvement in grip strength reflects sustained engagement in physical activity behaviours targeted through the intervention.

A 14-item adapted questionnaire assessing knowledge of dementia risk factors, symptoms, and prevention strategies, as well as attitudes towards dementia. Six items were adapted from the validated Dementia Knowledge and Attitudes Scale (DKAS) and ten items from a comparative analysis of dementia health literacy in Singapore. Higher scores indicate greater dementia knowledge and more positive attitudes towards dementia.

A 12-item self-reported measure assessing self-management capacity across four domains: knowledge of condition, adherence to treatment, recognition and management of symptoms, and coping. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 8, with total scores ranging from 0 to 96. Higher scores indicate greater self-management capacity. Improvement in score reflects the intervention's coaching module supporting independent brain health management.

A self-reported questionnaire assessing aerobic physical activity levels and strength and flexibility behaviours. The aerobic component is scored from 1 to 7, where scores of 1-4 indicate sub-optimal activity levels and scores of 5-7 indicate recommended levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity. The strength and flexibility component is scored from 0 to 2. Higher scores across both components indicate more active lifestyle behaviours. Improvement reflects the intervention's physical activity nudges and goal-setting support.

A brief 30-item cognitive screening tool assessing multiple cognitive domains including memory, attention, language, visuospatial ability, and orientation. Scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. A score of 26 or above is considered within the normal range. This measure provides a baseline cognitive profile and enables monitoring of any meaningful change in global cognitive function during the study period.