T1 Mapping of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis in Congenital Heart Disease

A better understanding of the mechanisms by which the heart muscle fails in pediatric heart disease may result in novel therapies directed at preventing rather than treating ventricular failure. The most likely mediator candidate for cardiac demise in congenital heart disease as well as the cardiomyopathies is diffuse myocardial fibrosis and non-favorable chronic biventricular remodeling. As such, fibrosis may be a marker, if not a mediator, preceding the onset of actual echocardiographic and clinical deterioration, opening opportunities for more timely and targeted treatment. Chronic stressors of myocardial function (hypoxemia, abnormal afterload or preload) appear to promote fibrosis. In some groups of patients, a genetically upregulated collagen metabolism seems to play a role. In adult patients with dilated cardiomyopathy the extent of myocardial fibrosis is predictive of outcome.

With cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, the characterization of myocardial tissue is possible. Whereas standard late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) CMR can only identify patchy scars neighboring healthy tissue, quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in the living has become feasible with the T1 mapping technique. Both techniques (T1 mapping and LGE) are based on the principle that MR contrast medium (gadolinium) is trapped in between collagen fibres and is retained in areas of fibrosis while it is quickly washed out of healthy myocardium. As gadolinium is a T1 shortening agent, the fibrosed tissue with its 'trapped' gadolinium has a shorter T1 time than healthy tissue. T1 mapping measures the T1 time constant, which has been shown to correlate with the degree of fibrosis. In a refined approach of this technique, which we will use, it is now possible to quantify the extracellular space (equivalent to the degree of fibrosis) by T1 mapping. This method has been validated against the current gold standard of surgical myocardial biopsy.

Inclusion criteria

Patients with cardiomyopathies (clinically established diagnosis of dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) / Patients with congenital heart disease (Diagnosis of Transposition of the great arteries after arterial switch operation, repaired Tetralogy of Fallot, patients after single ventricle palliation at the Fontan stage) scheduled for an MR investigation including gadolinium (MRI contrast medium)

• Patients / guardians capable of giving informed consent
• Informed written consent / assent by the parents / legal guardians and patients where applicable
• Ability to undergo a MRI examination without anaesthesia. Children > 6 years are typically able to cooperate sufficiently.
• Control Patients: Patients undergoing a non-cardiac MR investigation (musculoskeletal / abdomen / brain) including gadolinium without a history of cardiac disease

Exclusion criteria

- Consent / assent refusal by guardian / patient

• General contraindications for a MRI examination such as non-MRI compatible metallic implants, claustrophobia.
• No contrast required for the clinical portion of the MRI
• Patients who require anaesthesia for MRI (typically < 6 years of age)
• Known renal failure or previous allergic reaction to gadolinium containing contrast agent
• Control subjects: history of cardiac problems, e.g. rhythm disorders, former myocarditis, active myositis or other inflammatory conditions except suspected or confirmed inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
• Known pregnancy or breast feeding