Substance Use Prevention for Youth With Parents in Recovery

The number of families approached and screened for the project, number ineligible, number refusing participation, and number ultimately enrolled will be assessed

An investigator created questionnaire will be obtain the reasons why eligible potential participants did not enroll in the study.

The percent of participants will be calculated by dividing the number of participants that complete the study by the total number of participants enrolled.

The number of sessions delivered by the intervention providers will be tracked.

The total and average person time for sessions delivered by the intervention providers will be tracked.

The Timeline Follow-back Interview (TLFB) is a 14 item instrument that will be used to assess substance use in the preceding 90 days and to evaluate for new onset of substance use, as well as increased frequency or intensity of use.

Brief Screener for Tobacco, Alcohol, and other Drugs (BSTAD), a brief, validated instrument designed for use in primary care will be used to screen youth for substance use, including use of tobacco (adapted to include e-cigarettes and vaping products), alcohol, marijuana, prescription medications (including opioids), heroin, and other illicit substance use in the past year.

Family communication will be assessed by the 10-item Family Problem-Solving Communication Index that evaluates family communication patterns in response to problems or conflicts and identifies affirming and incendiary communication patterns. Each item has a choice of answers, which correlate with 0-3 points where 0 = False' 1 = Mostly false' 2 = Mostly true' 3 = True. The answers to different items are added together for an "affirming communication" subscale and an "incendiary communication" subscale. Reverse score items 3 & 9. For Affirming Communication: items 2' 4' and 6' 8'10 are summed. For Incendiary Communication: items 1' 3' 5' 7' 9 are summed. The subscales can range from 0-15. Higher scores for the affirming communication subscale are more favorable, while lower scores for the incendiary communication subscale are more favorable.

The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) will be used to assess family functioning. IPPA consists of 25 items for the mother, 25 items for the father, and 25 items for the adolescent and uses a 5-point LIkert scale for each items. The IPPA is scored by reverse-scoring the negatively worded items and then summing the response values in each section. This self-report scale measures youth perceptions of attachment to parents/caregivers along three dimensions: trust, communication, and alienation

Depression will be assessed using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS).Total QIDS scores range from 0 to 27, with scores of 5 or lower indicative of no depression, scores from 6 to 10 indicating mild depression, 11 to 15 indicating moderate depression, 16 to 20 reflecting severe depression, and total scores greater than 21 indicating very severe depression.

Perceived stress will be assessed using the 10 item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The range of responses for each item is from 0-4, where 0 = Never 1 = Almost Never 2 = Sometimes 3 = Fairly Often 4 = Very Often. total scores can range from 0 to 40 and higher scores are correlated with more perceived stress.

Problem solving skills will be assessed with the Social Problem Solving Inventory -Revised (SPSI-R). This 25 item instrument measures problem orientation and problem-solving skills in 5 dimensions: positive (PPO) and negative orientation(NPO) ; avoidance (AS); impulsivity (ICS) ; and rationality (RPS). Each dimension subscale scores range from 0 to 20, and the total scores of the SPSI-R: S range from 0 to 100. Higher subscores on PPO and RPS, and lower subscores of NPO, ICS, and AS indicate good social problem solving.

Coping strategies will be assessed by the 26 item Coping Self-Efficacy Scale which measures ability to cope with life changes in three domains: problem-focused coping, handling unpleasant thoughts, and getting support from family/friends. Anchor points on the scale are 0 ('cannot do at all'), 5 ('moderately certain can do') and 10 ('certain can do'). A high score - between 17 and 20 - indicates a highly resilient coper, and a low score - between 4 and 13 - suggests a low resilient coper.

The Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) measures 14 different adaptive and problematic coping styles. Respondents rate items on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (I haven't been doing this at all) to 4 (I've been doing this a lot). Each scale is comprised of 2 items. Higher scores indicate increased utilization of that specific coping strategy. There is no overall total score.

Social support will be assessed using the Social Adjustment Scale Self-Report (SAS-SR). It examines social and role functioning in six areas: work; social activities; relationships with family; spouse or partner; parent; member of family unit. Each question is rated on a five-point scale from which subscale means and an overall mean can be obtained. Higher scores denote greater impairment. Role areas not relevant to the respondent can be skipped

The Personal Experience Inventory will be used to assess this outcome. It assesses 3 domains: peer use (5 items); sibling use (4 items); and parent use (4 items). The response options include Likert scales that correspond to answers such as Never/Once or Twice/Sometimes/Often, Strongly Disagree/Disagree/Agree/Strongly Agree, which in turn correspond to scores of 1-4. Subscale scores can be compared to population norms and cutoffs.