Subscleral Trabeculectomy With Inverted T-Shaped Deep Sclerectomy for Primary Congenital Glaucoma

Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a rare developmental glaucoma caused by trabeculodysgenesis, leading to impaired aqueous humor outflow, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal enlargement and edema, optic nerve damage, and irreversible visual loss if untreated. Surgical management remains the primary treatment because medical therapy alone is generally insufficient for long-term IOP control.

Trabeculectomy is an established filtration procedure for pediatric glaucoma; however, its long-term success may be limited by aggressive postoperative wound healing and subconjunctival fibrosis. Deep sclerectomy and other non-penetrating glaucoma procedures were developed to improve aqueous drainage while reducing complications associated with conventional penetrating filtration surgery.

This study evaluated a modified surgical technique consisting of subscleral trabeculectomy combined with an inverted T-shaped deep sclerectomy (El-Habbak modification). The modification involves creating a vertical deep scleral channel directed toward the limbus together with a posterior horizontal extension, forming an enlarged intrascleral filtration reservoir intended to facilitate aqueous humor drainage while maintaining controlled filtration.

This was a retrospective interventional case series conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt. Medical records of children with primary congenital glaucoma who underwent this surgical procedure between January 2022 and June 2025 and completed at least 12 months of postoperative follow-up were reviewed.

The primary objective was to evaluate postoperative reduction in intraocular pressure. Secondary objectives included assessment of complete and qualified surgical success, reduction in the number of antiglaucoma medications, improvement in corneal clarity, changes in cup-to-disc ratio, postoperative complications, and the need for additional glaucoma surgery.

The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Benha University. All data were analyzed retrospectively after completion of patient follow-up.

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosis of primary congenital glaucoma.
• Age 3 years or younger at the time of diagnosis.
• Underwent subscleral trabeculectomy combined with an inverted T-shaped deep sclerectomy (El-Habbak modification).
• Availability of complete medical records.
• Minimum postoperative follow-up of 12 months.

Exclusion criteria

• Secondary childhood glaucomas.
• Associated ocular anomalies.
• Previous glaucoma surgery.
• Incomplete clinical records.
• Postoperative follow-up of less than 12 months.