Study on the Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Using Pulsed Electric Fields Under Different Surgical Procedures

Inclusion criteria

• 18 years old and above, regardless of gender;
• Patients with symptomatic drug-refractory persistent atrial fibrillation (diagnosis time exceeding ≤ 3 years);
• Agree to participate in the study and be able and willing to comply with all follow-up requirements;-

Exclusion criteria

• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35%
• Left atrial diameter (echocardiography) ≥ 55mm
• Patients with a definite thrombus in the left atrium or a definite thrombus in the heart before surgery
• Patients with cardiac function classification (NYHA) III-IV
• Patients with second-degree (type II) or third-degree atrioventricular block
• Persons with obvious congenital heart defects (such as atrial septal defect or severe pulmonary vein stenosis, but excluding patent foramen ovale)
• Patients with prosthetic valve implantation
• Patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker or cardiac defibrillator (ICD)
• Diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myxoma
• Patients with preoperatively known symptomatic carotid stenosis
• Patients with untreated or controlled hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
• Patients with systemically active infections
• Patients with renal failure who have significant bleeding tendency or are undergoing hemodialysis
• Patients with myocardial infarction or any cardiac intervention/open surgery within 3 months
• Patients who have had a stroke or transient ischemic attack within 6 months
• Patients with obvious contraindications to interventional surgery and who are judged by the investigator to be unable to undergo ablation surgery
• Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding or who have a family planning during the study period
• Patients who have participated in clinical trials of other drugs or medical devices within 3 months
• Patients considered inappropriate by the investigator to participate in this clinical trial -