Study of Gut Microbiota Diversity in Children Aged 1-3 Years on Prolonged Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Grade 3 or Higher Vesicoureteral Reflux Compared With 2 Age-matched Control Groups

Inclusion criteria

• The patient must be a member or beneficiary of a health insurance plan
• Patient with no objection to participation in the study from the parent or guardian
• Child with a diversified diet.

o Specific inclusion criteria for group 1 (cases):

• Child with grade 3 or higher vesicoureteral reflux.
• Child on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for at least 5 months.

o Specific inclusion criteria for group 2 (controls):

• Child with uropathy and without long-term trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment.

o Specific inclusion criteria for group 3 (healthy controls):

• Child without uropathy or long-term trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment.

Exclusion criteria

• Chronic digestive pathology
• Acute gastroenteritis or infectious colitis within last 15 days.
• Curative antibiotic therapy taken less than one month ago.
• Chronic inflammatory bowel disease or other localizations
• Congenital or acquired immune deficiency (current treatment with methotrexate, biotherapies, immunosuppressants)
• Patient participating in a category 1 trial likely to modify the intestinal microbiota.
• Patient in an exclusion period determined by another study.
• Patient under court protection, guardianship or curatorship.
• Patient for whom it is impossible to give informed information to person with parental authority.