Stroke Patients and Family Longitudinal Study in Rural China

change in blood pressure

change in weight

change in height

Grip strength (kilogram) will be estimated through the dynamometer (YuejianTM WL-1000, Nantong, China). Trained examiners will instruct people to hold the dynamometer and squeeze the handle for a few seconds. This study both measures right and left-hand grip strength twice in each hand. The grip strength will be recorded separately. If the average grip strength of both right and left hand of is all less than the criteria (man < 30 kg, woman < 20 kg), it is defined as weak grip strength.

participants' neck circumference

Participants' waist circumference

measured by timed-up-and-go test, a simple and quick functional mobility test that requires the participants to stand up, walk 3 meters, turn, walk back, and sit down

measured by a brief version of the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D). The brief CSI-D was developed by Martin Prince, which consist of 7 cognitive items (Prince, M., Acosta, D., Ferri, C. P., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K. S., ... & 10/66 Dementia Group. (2011). A brief dementia screener suitable for use by non-specialists in resource poor settings-the cross-cultural derivation and validation of the brief Community Screening Instrument for Dementia. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 26(9), 899-907.). The score of the brief CSI-D ranges from 0 to 9, with 0-4 represent Probable dementia, 5-6 represent Possible dementia, and 7-9 represent Normal.

measured by using Patient Health Questions-9, an international standard instrument for screening, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression. The total scores range from 0 (no depression) to 27 (severe depression).

measured using EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5L (EQ5D-5L). EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises the following five dimensions, each describing a different aspect of health: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. For each domain, the total scores range from 0 (indicating no problem) to 5 (indicating unable to/extreme problems). In addition, the participants were required to assess how their health is today by write a number from 0 to 100 on the numbered scale. 100 means the best health the participant can image, 0 means the worst health the participant can image.

measured using 4 item Morisky Green Levine Scale-4 (MMAS-4), which scores adherence from 0-4 and continuation of medication taking is measured by the total months of medication taking

collected through questionnaire and medical insurance records

The factors include lack of exercise, alcohol, diet, obesity, and smoking, and will be collected through questionnaire.

measured by the basic activities of daily living (ADL). The basic ADL include the following categories: Ambulating, Feeding, Dressing, Personal hygiene, Continence, and Toileting. The ADL score ranges from 0 to 12. Limitation in ADL was defined as being scored greater than 0 on ADL scales, i.e., having some or severe limitation in at least one ADL item. Higher scores mean a worse functional independence.

measured by the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale to evaluate independent living skills. The scale measures eight domains of function, including food preparation, housekeeping, laundering. The IADL score ranges from 0 to 14. Limitation in IADL was defined as being scored greater than 0 on IADL scales, i.e., having some or severe limitation in at least one IADL item. Higher scores mean a worse functional independence.

measured using modified Rankin Scale (ranged 0 (no symptom) to 5 severe disability)

Assessed by determining whether participants had additional diseases diagnosed in the hospital, excluding stroke

Assessed by querying your usual use of corrective lenses for vision, your ability to recognize distant and close objects, your use of hearing aids, and the quality of your hearing in different conditions.