Stress and Gingival Inflammation in Non-pregnant and Pregnant Women

Periodontal clinical measurements and periodontal treatment were applied by a previously trained and calibrated examiner. Clinical parameters measurements including; probing pocket depths (PPD; the distance from the gingival margin to the base of the gingival sulcus), clinical attachment level (CAL), full mouth gingival index (GI)21 and plaque index (PI)20 scores using a periodontal probe were registered following saliva and GCF sample collection. Then, non-surgical periodontal therapy (NPT) consisted of scaling, root planning, and oral hygiene instruction was applied. Clinical measurements, recruitment of GCF, and saliva samples were repeated after three weeks.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva Sample Collection Selected anterior teeth for GCF sampling were isolated from saliva using cotton rolls, a gentle stream of air was conducted parallel to the root surface for 5 to 10 seconds to dry the area.

The periopaper strips were gently inserted into the gingival crevice until resistance was felt and were left in place for 30 s and were collected from mesio-buccal sulcus of teeth in the anterior region of each patient (two samples per patient and per visit). The samples containing blood were discarded and were placed in sterile Eppendorf tubes and were stored at -20°C until the assay procedure.

Inclusion criteria

• Must be systemically healthy;
• Must be at least twenty teeth in the mouth;
• Clinical diagnosis of gingivitis;
• Must be the probing pocket depth (PPD)≤3 mm in all four quadrants.

Exclusion criteria

• the use of anti-inflammatory,
• antimicrobial and hormone therapy within the preceding 6 months,
• having psychiatric disorders,
• a systemic disease,
• smoking cigarettes and
• for the control group breastfeeding, pregnancy and menstrual periods.