Stimulation of Acupuncture Points in Female Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction

The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, therapeutic effects, and safety of (A) electrical stimulation of acupuncture points (using a TENS device) in addition to routine care, and (B) manual stimulation of acupuncture points (using acupressure) in addition to routine care, compared to (C) routine care alone (control group), in female patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

Key outcome parameters include symptoms of neurogenic bladder dysfunction assessed using standardized patient-reported outcome measures.

Moreover, a qualitative substudy will be conducted to explore the subjectively perceived effects of the study interventions and the overall feasibility of the study. This will be carried out through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using qualitative research methodology.

Inclusion criteria

• Female patients, aged 18-60 years, with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≤ 6
• Stable immunomodulatory MS therapy for at least 3 months prior to enrollment
• Presence of at least 3 out of the following 6 criteria indicative of overactive bladder dysfunction: urgency, daytime urinary frequency >10 times, nocturia >1 time per night, post-void dribbling, incontinence, or delayed initiation of micturition
• Participants must be willing and cognitively and linguistically capable of adhering to the study protocol, performing the study interventions, and completing the required study documentation
• Capacity to provide informed consent, and provision of written consent for both written and electronic data collection and participation in the study

Exclusion criteria

• Acute MS relapse within the last 3 months prior to individual study entry
• Planned change in immunomodulatory therapy during the study period
• Current need for regular self-catheterization (more than twice per week)
• Clinically relevant post-void residual volume, confirmed by ultrasound (>100 mL or >40% of pre-void volume)
• Current or past history of bladder cancer
• Implanted defibrillator or other pacemaker
• Urogenital causes of bladder dysfunction, such as stress urinary incontinence or bladder prolapse
• Spinal trauma within 5 years prior to study entry or any other pre-existing central nervous system disorders (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease), or history of pelvic, spinal, or bladder surgery
• Acute urinary tract infection at the time of screening or within the previous 4 weeks
• Urolithiasis or urogenital tumors within the past 6 months
• Previous electrical posterior tibial nerve stimulation (TNS), acupuncture, or acupressure in the same anatomical region within 3 months prior to study entry
• Regular pelvic floor training (more than twice per week) in the past 6 weeks or planned during the study period
• Planned participation in another interventional clinical trial during the study period
• Open wounds, edema, or lymphedema in the lower leg that may interfere with local intervention
• Other serious pre-existing conditions (e.g., active cancer, heart failure, epilepsy, etc.) that contraindicate participation in the study
• Obesity, defined as BMI > 30
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding