Steps Against the Burden of Parkinson's Disease - TelAviv/Bologna

Comfortable walking speed overground

Comfortable walking speed overground

Comfortable walking speed overground

The number of falls and whether the falls were injurious will be recorded. Twelve-month retrospective.

Number and type of fracture sustained will be recorded. Twelve-month retrospective.

Current medication will be recorded at each visit.

Current medication will be recorded at each visit.

Current medication will be recorded at each visit.

The first part is a descriptive system, assessing health in five dimensions.The second part of the questionnaire consists of a visual analog scale (VAS) on which patients mark their perceived level of health on a scale ranging from 0 (worst conceivable state of health) to 100 (best conceivable state of health).

The first part is a descriptive system, assessing health in five dimensions.The second part of the questionnaire consists of a visual analog scale (VAS) on which patients mark their perceived level of health on a scale ranging from 0 (worst conceivable state of health) to 100 (best conceivable state of health).

The first part is a descriptive system, assessing health in five dimensions.The second part of the questionnaire consists of a visual analog scale (VAS) on which patients mark their perceived level of health on a scale ranging from 0 (worst conceivable state of health) to 100 (best conceivable state of health).

Measures frailty based on five criteria: shrinking, low physical endurance/energy, low physical activity, weakness, and slow walking speed.

Measures frailty based on five criteria: shrinking, low physical endurance/energy, low physical activity, weakness, and slow walking speed. For the Frailty Index, higher scores mean a worse outcome (increased frailty).

Measures frailty based on five criteria: shrinking, low physical endurance/energy, low physical activity, weakness, and slow walking speed. For the Frailty Index, higher scores mean a worse outcome (increased frailty).

Measures fatigue during usual daily activities over the past week. The FACIT-F scale consists of 13 items, each scored from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much). Some items are reverse-scored. The total score ranges from 0 to 52. For the FACIT-F scale, higher scores indicate less fatigue (a better outcome).

Measures fatigue during usual daily activities over the past week. The FACIT-F scale consists of 13 items, each scored from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much). Some items are reverse-scored. The total score ranges from 0 to 52. For the FACIT-F scale, higher scores indicate less fatigue (a better outcome).

Measures fatigue during usual daily activities over the past week. The FACIT-F scale consists of 13 items, each scored from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much). Some items are reverse-scored. The total score ranges from 0 to 52. For the FACIT-F scale, higher scores indicate less fatigue (a better outcome).

3D motion capture data.

3D motion capture data.

3D motion capture data.

EEG measures brain activity to assess cortical involvement and sensorimotor integration for foot placement control. We'll specifically analyze beta power and beta band corticomuscular coherence with the rectus femoris muscle. Before analysis, EEG data will be cleaned using filtering and ICA to remove artifacts like muscle and eye movements. Coherence will be computed across the gait cycle using time-normalized EEG and EMG cross-spectra, and beamforming will localize sources.

EEG measures brain activity to assess cortical involvement and sensorimotor integration for foot placement control. We'll specifically analyze beta power and beta band corticomuscular coherence with the rectus femoris muscle. Before analysis, EEG data will be cleaned using filtering and ICA to remove artifacts like muscle and eye movements. Coherence will be computed across the gait cycle using time-normalized EEG and EMG cross-spectra, and beamforming will localize sources.

EEG measures brain activity to assess cortical involvement and sensorimotor integration for foot placement control. We'll specifically analyze beta power and beta band corticomuscular coherence with the rectus femoris muscle. Before analysis, EEG data will be cleaned using filtering and ICA to remove artifacts like muscle and eye movements. Coherence will be computed across the gait cycle using time-normalized EEG and EMG cross-spectra, and beamforming will localize sources.

Surface EMG records electrical activity of superficial muscles to assess muscle function, fatigue, and activation patterns.

Surface EMG records electrical activity of superficial muscles to assess muscle function, fatigue, and activation patterns.

Surface EMG records electrical activity of superficial muscles to assess muscle function, fatigue, and activation patterns.

Preferred gait speed and maximal gait speed using a 20-m walk test will be derived.

Preferred gait speed and maximal gait speed using a 20-m walk test will be derived.

Preferred gait speed and maximal gait speed using a 20-m walk test will be derived.

The use of commonly used walking aids (indoor and outdoor) will be recorded.

The use of commonly used walking aids (indoor and outdoor) will be recorded.

A common clinical measure to assess mobility, balance, and walking ability in older adults.

A common clinical measure to assess mobility, balance, and walking ability in older adults.

A common clinical measure to assess mobility, balance, and walking ability in older adults.

Measures functional exercise capacity. Distance in meters covered in 6 minutes is recorded.

Measures functional exercise capacity. Distance in meters covered in 6 minutes is recorded.

Measures functional exercise capacity. Distance in meters covered in 6 minutes is recorded.

The Mini-BESTest (Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test) is a clinical balance assessment tool designed to evaluate various balance control systems. It assesses an individual's balance and stability on a series of functional tasks. The unabbreviated scale title is Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest). It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 28. The Mini-BESTest is comprised of 14 items, each scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0 = severe impairment, 1 = moderate impairment, 2 = no impairment). The scores from all items are summed to provide a total score. Higher scores on the Mini-BESTest indicate better balance and stability, representing a better outcome.

The Mini-BESTest (Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test) is a clinical balance assessment tool designed to evaluate various balance control systems. It assesses an individual's balance and stability on a series of functional tasks. The unabbreviated scale title is Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest). It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 28. The Mini-BESTest is comprised of 14 items, each scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0 = severe impairment, 1 = moderate impairment, 2 = no impairment). The scores from all items are summed to provide a total score. Higher scores on the Mini-BESTest indicate better balance and stability, representing a better outcome.

The Mini-BESTest (Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test) is a clinical balance assessment tool designed to evaluate various balance control systems. It assesses an individual's balance and stability on a series of functional tasks. The unabbreviated scale title is Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest). It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 28. The Mini-BESTest is comprised of 14 items, each scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0 = severe impairment, 1 = moderate impairment, 2 = no impairment). The scores from all items are summed to provide a total score. Higher scores on the Mini-BESTest indicate better balance and stability, representing a better outcome.

The Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES) assesses an individual's confidence in their walking ability across various challenging everyday circumstances. It is a self-report measure. The unabbreviated scale title is Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES). It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 100. The mGES typically consists of several items where individuals rate their confidence on a scale (e.g., 0-10 or 0-100) for various walking situations. The total score is often calculated as an average or sum and then converted to a percentage. Higher scores on the Modified Gait Efficacy Scale indicate greater walking confidence, representing a better outcome.

The Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES) assesses an individual's confidence in their walking ability across various challenging everyday circumstances. It is a self-report measure. The unabbreviated scale title is Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES). It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 100. The mGES typically consists of several items where individuals rate their confidence on a scale (e.g., 0-10 or 0-100) for various walking situations. The total score is often calculated as an average or sum and then converted to a percentage. Higher scores on the Modified Gait Efficacy Scale indicate greater walking confidence, representing a better outcome.

The Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES) assesses an individual's confidence in their walking ability across various challenging everyday circumstances. It is a self-report measure. The unabbreviated scale title is Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES). It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 100. The mGES typically consists of several items where individuals rate their confidence on a scale (e.g., 0-10 or 0-100) for various walking situations. The total score is often calculated as an average or sum and then converted to a percentage. Higher scores on the Modified Gait Efficacy Scale indicate greater walking confidence, representing a better outcome.

Hand grip strength.

The Short Falls Efficacy Scale International (Short FES-I) measures the level of concern about falling during social and physical activities, both inside and outside the home. It is a widely used self-report questionnaire. It has a minimum value of 7 and a maximum value of 28. The Short FES-I consists of 7 items. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale, from 1 (not concerned at all) to 4 (completely concerned). The scores for all 7 items are summed. Higher scores on the Short FES-I indicate a greater concern about falling, representing a worse outcome.

The Short Falls Efficacy Scale International (Short FES-I) measures the level of concern about falling during social and physical activities, both inside and outside the home. It is a widely used self-report questionnaire. It has a minimum value of 7 and a maximum value of 28. The Short FES-I consists of 7 items. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale, from 1 (not concerned at all) to 4 (completely concerned). The scores for all 7 items are summed. Higher scores on the Short FES-I indicate a greater concern about falling, representing a worse outcome.

The Short Falls Efficacy Scale International (Short FES-I) measures the level of concern about falling during social and physical activities, both inside and outside the home. It is a widely used self-report questionnaire. It has a minimum value of 7 and a maximum value of 28. The Short FES-I consists of 7 items. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale, from 1 (not concerned at all) to 4 (completely concerned). The scores for all 7 items are summed. Higher scores on the Short FES-I indicate a greater concern about falling, representing a worse outcome.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a quick screening tool designed to detect mild cognitive impairment, assessing a broad range of cognitive domains. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 30. The MoCA assesses attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuospatial skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. Each correct response contributes to the total score. A score of 26 or above is generally considered normal. Higher scores on the MoCA indicate better cognitive function, representing a better outcome.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a quick screening tool designed to detect mild cognitive impairment, assessing a broad range of cognitive domains. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 30. The MoCA assesses attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuospatial skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. Each correct response contributes to the total score. A score of 26 or above is generally considered normal. Higher scores on the MoCA indicate better cognitive function, representing a better outcome.

The Color Trail Test (CTT) is a neuropsychological assessment with two parts (CTT-1, CTT-2) that evaluates cognitive flexibility, visual scanning, and executive function. Participants connect numbered circles, then alternate between numbers and letters.

Key measures are completion time (min 0s, max typically 120-240s) and errors. Lower times and fewer errors indicate better attention, mental flexibility, and processing speed, signifying a better outcome.

The Color Trail Test (CTT) is a neuropsychological assessment with two parts (CTT-1, CTT-2) that evaluates cognitive flexibility, visual scanning, and executive function. Participants connect numbered circles, then alternate between numbers and letters.

Key measures are completion time (min 0s, max typically 120-240s) and errors. Lower times and fewer errors indicate better attention, mental flexibility, and processing speed, signifying a better outcome.

The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) is a comprehensive, clinician-rated scale used to assess the severity and progression of Parkinson's Disease. Part III specifically focuses on the Motor Examination. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 132 (sum of all 33 items in Part III, each scored 0-4). Part III consists of 33 items (e.g., speech, facial expression, rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, gait, postural stability), each scored from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe impairment). The scores for all items are summed. Higher scores on the MDS-UPDRS Part III indicate greater motor impairment and more severe Parkinson's disease symptoms, representing a worse outcome.

The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) is a comprehensive, clinician-rated scale used to assess the severity and progression of Parkinson's Disease. Part III specifically focuses on the Motor Examination. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 132 (sum of all 33 items in Part III, each scored 0-4). Part III consists of 33 items (e.g., speech, facial expression, rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, gait, postural stability), each scored from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe impairment). The scores for all items are summed. Higher scores on the MDS-UPDRS Part III indicate greater motor impairment and more severe Parkinson's disease symptoms, representing a worse outcome.

The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) is a comprehensive, clinician-rated scale used to assess the severity and progression of Parkinson's Disease. Part III specifically focuses on the Motor Examination. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 132 (sum of all 33 items in Part III, each scored 0-4). Part III consists of 33 items (e.g., speech, facial expression, rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, gait, postural stability), each scored from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe impairment). The scores for all items are summed. Higher scores on the MDS-UPDRS Part III indicate greater motor impairment and more severe Parkinson's disease symptoms, representing a worse outcome.

The New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOGQ) is a patient-reported outcome measure specifically designed to detect and evaluate the impact and severity of freezing of gait (FOG) in individuals with Parkinson's disease or other neurological conditions. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 45. The NFOGQ consists of 9 items, with a total score calculated by summing the scores for all items. Each item is typically scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores on the NFOGQ indicate a greater severity, frequency, and impact of freezing of gait, representing a worse outcome.

The New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOGQ) is a patient-reported outcome measure specifically designed to detect and evaluate the impact and severity of freezing of gait (FOG) in individuals with Parkinson's disease or other neurological conditions. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 45. The NFOGQ consists of 9 items, with a total score calculated by summing the scores for all items. Each item is typically scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores on the NFOGQ indicate a greater severity, frequency, and impact of freezing of gait, representing a worse outcome.

The New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOGQ) is a patient-reported outcome measure specifically designed to detect and evaluate the impact and severity of freezing of gait (FOG) in individuals with Parkinson's disease or other neurological conditions. It has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 45. The NFOGQ consists of 9 items, with a total score calculated by summing the scores for all items. Each item is typically scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores on the NFOGQ indicate a greater severity, frequency, and impact of freezing of gait, representing a worse outcome.

The steps per day will be recorded.

The steps per day will be recorded.

The steps per day will be recorded.

The amount and length of uninterrupted walk durations will be determined.

The amount and length of uninterrupted walk durations will be determined.

The amount and length of uninterrupted walk durations will be determined.

The stride time variability will be derived.

The stride time variability will be derived.

The stride time variability will be derived.

Symmetry of gait will be determined.

Symmetry of gait will be determined.

Symmetry of gait will be determined.

FOG episodes, Medication and Physical activity will be recorded by self-reports.

FOG episodes, Medication and Physical activity will be recorded by self-reports.

Weekly Calendars will be used to assess Physical activity, Falls and Injurious Falls.

Weekly Calendars will be used to assess Physical activity, Falls and Injurious Falls.

Weekly Calendars will be used to assess Physical activity, Falls and Injurious Falls.

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure an individual's enjoyment of physical activity. It typically consists of 18 items where participants rate their feelings about physical activity on a 7-point bipolar scale. It has a minimum possible score of 18 (if each item is rated '1') and a maximum possible score of 126 (if each item is rated '7'). Scores from all 18 items are summed to create a total score. Higher scores on the PACES indicate greater enjoyment of physical activity, representing a better outcome. Additionally it includes questions developed specifically for the components of this study.

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure an individual's enjoyment of physical activity. It typically consists of 18 items where participants rate their feelings about physical activity on a 7-point bipolar scale. It has a minimum possible score of 18 (if each item is rated '1') and a maximum possible score of 126 (if each item is rated '7'). Scores from all 18 items are summed to create a total score. Higher scores on the PACES indicate greater enjoyment of physical activity, representing a better outcome. Additionally it includes questions developed specifically for the components of this study.

The Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) is designed to assess an individual's confidence in their ability to engage in regular exercise, particularly in challenging situations. There are various versions of self-efficacy scales, but they generally follow a similar structure. It has a minimum possible score of 0 (or the lowest point on the chosen confidence scale) and a maximum possible score of 100 (or the highest point on the chosen confidence scale). Participants typically rate their confidence for various exercise-related scenarios on a percentage scale, for instance, 0% = not at all confident to 100% = completely confident. The scores are then averaged or summed. Higher scores on the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale indicate greater confidence in one's ability to exercise, representing a better outcome.

The Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) is designed to assess an individual's confidence in their ability to engage in regular exercise, particularly in challenging situations. There are various versions of self-efficacy scales, but they generally follow a similar structure. It has a minimum possible score of 0 (or the lowest point on the chosen confidence scale) and a maximum possible score of 100 (or the highest point on the chosen confidence scale). Participants typically rate their confidence for various exercise-related scenarios on a percentage scale, for instance, 0% = not at all confident to 100% = completely confident. The scores are then averaged or summed. Higher scores on the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale indicate greater confidence in one's ability to exercise, representing a better outcome.

Exit interviews will be conducted to explore the barriers and enablers to long-term use and reasons for ceased involvement (if applicable) using pre-prepared, open-ended questions according to qualitative interview methods.

Exit interviews will be conducted to explore the barriers and enablers to long-term use and reasons for ceased involvement (if applicable) using pre-prepared, open-ended questions according to qualitative interview methods.